scholarly journals Effects of short-term fasting on spontaneous activity and excess post-exercise oxygen consumption in four juvenile fish species with different foraging strategies

Biology Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. bio051755
Author(s):  
Xiuming Li ◽  
Yaoguang Zhang ◽  
Shijian Fu
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Spontaneous Activity ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Grass Carp ◽  
Silver Carp ◽  
Foraging Strategies ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Black Carp

ABSTRACTTo investigate the effects of short-term fasting on spontaneous activity and excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) in sit-and-wait carnivorous southern catfish (Silurus meridionalis), active carnivorous black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus), active herbivorous grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) and active filter-feeding silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), each species was divided into a control group and a fasting group (deprived of food for 14 days). Both groups were maintained at 25°C and, at the end of the experimental period, the total movement distance (TMD), percent time spent moving (PTM), ventilation frequency (Vf), pre-exercise oxygen consumption (M(•)O2) and EPOC response of the experimental fish were measured. The TMD and PTM obtained for the control group of southern catfish were lower than those found for the control groups of the three active species. Short-term fasting resulted in decreases in the TMD and PTM of the southern catfish and black carp and increases in the TMD of grass carp and silver carp. The Vf of southern catfish was significantly higher than those of grass carp and silver carp, whereas the latter was also significantly higher than that of black carp. Short-term fasting resulted in significant increases in the Vf and decreases in the pre-exercise M(•)O2 of southern catfish and silver carp. Southern catfish and black carp exhibited lower peak post-exercise M(•)O2 and recovery rates, and relatively higher EPOC magnitudes than grass carp and silver carp. Short-term fasting exerted no significant effects on the peak post-exercise M(•)O2, but resulted in relatively higher EPOC magnitudes in the four fish species. These results suggest that (1) different fish species exhibit significantly different levels of spontaneous activity and post-exercise M(•)O2 profiles with different characteristics and that (2) short-term fasting exerts different effects on the level of spontaneous activity in four fish species with different foraging strategies.

Invasive Asian Carps in North America

2011 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fish Species ◽  
Mississippi River ◽  
Grass Carp ◽  
Trophic Position ◽  
River System ◽  
Ctenopharyngodon Idella ◽  
Ecological Effect ◽  
Small Samples ◽  
Black Carp ◽  
Asian Carps

<em>Abstract</em>.—The black carp <em>Mylopharyngodon piceus </em>is a large (>1 m long) riverine fish from eastern Asia introduced into the United States via the aquaculture industry. A wild population has been present in the lower Mississippi River basin since the early 1990s, but little is known about the ecological effect of black carp in invaded environments. In its native range, black carp feed almost exclusively on mollusks. In U.S. waters, they likely prey on native mussels, but few wild-caught specimens have been examined by biologists and all have had empty gastrointestinal tracts. In lieu of stomach content data, we examined isotopic values (δ<sup>13</sup>C and δ <sup>15</sup>N) and mercury (Hg) concentrations in muscle tissue of black carp and 10 other large nonnative and native fish species captured in the Red–Atchafalaya River system of Louisiana, USA. Trophic position estimates derived from δ <sup>15</sup>N values ranged from 2.0 for grass carp <em>Ctenopharyngodon idella </em>to 4.8 for blue catfish <em>Ictalurus furcatus </em>and flathead catfish <em>Pylodictis olivaris</em>. Adult black carp had a δ <sup>15</sup>N value (13.2‰), indicating a trophic level of 3.5. Mean total Hg concentrations ranged from 0.02 µg/g in grass carp to 0.27 µg/g in bigmouth buffalo <em>Ictiobus cyprinellus</em>, in black carp 0.17 µg/g; Hg increased with increasing δ <sup>15</sup>N, indicating biomagnification. The limited numbers of taxa and small samples sizes, as well as constraints in methods used, do not allow confirmation that wild black carp are consuming native mollusks. However, our stable isotope results do provide evidence that its diet is similar to other large fish species inhabiting the Red–Atchafalaya system considered to be benthic invertivores, including some known to prey on freshwater mollusks (i.e., smallmouth buffalo <em>I. bubalus </em>and nonnative common carp <em>Cyprinus carpio</em>).

Invasive Asian Carps in North America

2011 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Grass Carp ◽  
Juvenile Fish ◽  
Silver Carp ◽  
Reproductive Potential ◽  
Asian Carp ◽  
Bighead Carp ◽  
Ctenopharyngodon Idella ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
Black Carp ◽  
Asian Carps

<em>Abstract</em>.—In the 1970s, commercial fishers reported sightings of grass carp <em>Ctenopharyngodon idella </em>in large rivers and associated backwaters of Louisiana; the first specimen in Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries’ fishery independent sampling was recorded in 1976. Beginning in the early 1980s, commercial fishers noted increasing populations of bighead carp <em>Hypophthalmichthys nobilis </em>and silver carp <em>H. molitrix </em>(together, the bigheaded carps). Populations of bigheaded carps appear to be increasing at a much slower rate than in the Midwest¸ possibly due to limited suitability of and access to backwater habitat for juvenile fish. In 2002, harvester reports of sporadic captures of “different-looking” grass carp indicated the possible presence of black carp <em>Mylopharyngodon piceus</em>. Because both normal diploid and triploid (in which triploidy has been induced to cause sterility) black carp have been stocked in the Mississippi basin, determination of the ploidy (number of chromosome sets) of these fishes is important. Since 2002, postmortem ploidy determinations using cells from eyeballs removed from six wild black carp captured in Louisiana showed each to be a normal diploid, indicative of breeding capability and potential reproducing populations. Although reported commercial landings of grass and bigheaded carps have been as high as 34,830 kg/year, limited market demand in past years resulted in many captures being discarded. A protocol for obtaining samples for easily determining ploidy is reported here. Accurate data on Asian carp distributions and their reproductive potential provides information to fisheries researchers that will be constructive in documenting the spread of these invasive species and in the assessment of risk to habitats.

Glycogen depletion in juvenile rainbow trout as an experimental test of the oxygen debt hypothesis

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (10) ◽  
pp. 2562-2568 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Scarabello ◽  
C. M. Wood ◽  
G. J. F. Heigenhauser
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Experimental Test ◽  
Creatine Phosphate ◽  
Oxygen Debt ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Starvation Period ◽  
Glycogen Depletion ◽  
Post Exercise

Glycogen depletion was used as an experimental tool to examine the relationship between excess post-exercise oxygen consumption and lactate metabolism in 6-g rainbow trout. A 5-day starvation period reduced whole-body glycogen stores by 50% and slightly lowered resting lactate levels; resting oxygen consumption, glucose, ATP, and creatine phosphate levels were not affected. After a 5-min bout of exhaustive exercise, significantly less glycogen was utilized by the glycogen-depleted fish, 40% less lactate was accumulated, and glucose levels did not rise in comparison with the control group. Creatine phosphate recovered more quickly in the glycogen-depleted fish, whereas ATP was unaffected. Recovery from excess post-exercise oxygen consumption was not significantly different despite the large absolute differences in lactate removed and glycogen resynthesized. This experimental test demonstrates that the classical oxygen debt hypothesis does not completely explain the excess post-exercise oxygen consumption in the trout.

Mitochondrial DNA diversity, population structure, and conservation genetics of four native carps within the Yangtze River, China

1997 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Lu ◽  
S Li ◽  
L Bernatchez
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Population Structure ◽  
Grass Carp ◽  
Yangtze River ◽  
Juvenile Fish ◽  
Silver Carp ◽  
Bighead Carp ◽  
The Yangtze River ◽  
Black Carp ◽  
Dna Diversity

Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon piceus), bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis), and black carp(Mylopharyngodon piceus) rank first, second, fourth, and seventh in world fish production. In China, the Yangtze River harbours the most important natural populations of these species. We performed a polymerase chain reaction - restriction fragment length poymorphism analysis on 365 juvenile fish representing three nursery grounds to provide a first assessment of the mitochondrial DNA diversity in these species and test the hypothesis that they are composed of more than one genetic stock. The mitochondrial DNA diversity was high in silver, bighead, and black carp, and much less in grass carp. Analysis of heterogeneity of genotype frequency, fixation indices, intersite molecular variance, and localization indices indicated that juvenile silver, bighead, and black carp from different nursery areas belong to genetically distinct populations. These results suggest that their population structure may be determined by the number of environmental settings that permit closure of their life cycle. They also imply that carp from the Yangtze River cannot be managed as a single unit and that human disturbance through exploitation and habitat modifications, in particular the construction of the Three Gorges Dam, will have differential impacts on fish abundance for different parts of the river.

State of the reproductive potential of the domestic breeding stock of herbivorous fish

2020 ◽  
pp. 6-12
Author(s):  
Grigory Emelyanovich Servetnik
Keyword(s):  
Grass Carp ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Silver Carp ◽  
Reproductive Potential ◽  
Herbivorous Fish ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Black Carp ◽  
The Amur River ◽  
River Line

The industry program provides for increasing the share of highly productive carp, including herbivores (whit carp, silver carp, grass carp and black carp), in the total production from 20 to 50% by 2020. However, currently in Russia there are only two certified breeding farms for the reproduction of breeding material of these fish: fish farm «Shaparievsky» of the Krasnodar territory and «Rybopitomnik Chaganskij» of the Astrakhan region. In modern economic conditions, not enough attention is paid to breeding work, there are not enough specialists-breeders on the ground, which negatively affects the quality of work carried out, there is a closely related crossing of producers. Since the end of the last century, there has been a negative impact of inbred depression in the breeding of herbivorous fish. In addition, the cultivation and maintenance of fish in mixed planting conditions in the technological cycle of carp cultivation cause unsatisfactory development and physiological state of mature producers. To exclude inbred depression and use the effect of heterosis, the recommended method of selection is interline hybridization using two «natural lines» — populations from the Yangtze river (line of Chinese origin) and the Amur river (line of Amur origin). This makes it possible to avoid closely related crossing and allows you to count on getting the effect of heterosis. When crossing cupids and silver carp of Chinese and Amur origin, the effect of heterosis is equal to 10–15% (for the survival of juveniles and the growth of crossbreeds in the first year of life). To control the origin of the white carp, 4 species-specific biochemical markers were identified: myogenes, prealbumids, enzymes — alkaline phosphatase and tetrazolium oxidase. They can be used to control the origin and the industrial hybridization of white with silver carp spotted silver carp. For grass carp, biochemical polymorphism of proteins and enzymes was also detected: serum and muscle esterases, superoxide dismutase, and vitellogenins.

Invasive Asian Carps in North America

2011 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Grass Carp ◽  
Silver Carp ◽  
Nuclear Size ◽  
Bighead Carp ◽  
Ctenopharyngodon Idella ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Black Carp ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Asian Carps

<em>Abstract</em>.—The Asian black carp <em>Mylopharyngodon piceus </em>is of interest to the aquaculture industry in the United States as a biological control for snails and mollusks. However, past experience in North America with other Asian carps has raised concern that black carp will establish wild populations and negatively affect native populations of fish and invertebrates, especially mollusks. The demand for black carp has led biologists to seek ways to allow their use while at the same time maintaining control over their distribution and reproduction. Physical containment and restrictions on importation, release, and stocking have mostly failed. Control of reproduction holds more promise. The induction of triploidy (having three sets of chromosomes), which can render an individual biologically sterile, is of particular interest. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of proposed testing procedures used to assure genetic triploidy in black carp prior to distribution by the state of Missouri, using black carp and grass carp <em>Ctenopharyngodon idella</em>. Our objectives were to (1) verify if the ploidy determination methodology (nuclear size) employed was 100% accurate, (2) determine growth and survival of juvenile black carp over extended periods of time under laboratory and pond conditions, and (3) histologically examine development and gametogenesis in gonads collected from triploid and diploid black and grass carps of different ages and stages of maturation. Comparison of erythrocyte nuclear size using the Coulter counter method versus the more accurate method of flow cytometry that measures DNA content indicated an error rate of 0.25% by the former method. Black carp grew and survived well in mid-Missouri ponds. Triploid grass carp males appeared to produce functional gametes, and some triploid black carp male testes had apparently normal spermatocytes within cysts. A few normally developing oocytes at previtellogenic and vitellogenic stages were observed in triploid grass carp females, and a few normal perinuclear oocytes could be identified in triploid black carp females. Currently, the standards of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service’s triploid grass carp voluntary inspection program are being followed by some states to manage triploid black carp. Our results indicate that although the percentage of diploid black carp that could pass through the currently proposed screening program is small, overall numbers of diploid black carp distributed in a state could be substantial depending on the number of triploids distributed. Furthermore, despite indications that triploid male black carp can be expected to be functionally sterile, reproductive studies may be warranted given the large wild populations of diploid grass carp, bighead carp <em>Hypophthalmichthys nobilis</em>, and silver carp <em>H. molitrix </em>in the Mississippi River basin system.

BIOLOGICAL MELIORATION OF THE AZOV LIMANS OF THE KRASNODAR KRAI AND THE POSSIBILITY OF USING FUNDS OBTAINED AS COMPENSATION FOR THE HARM TO THE WATER BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES

2017 ◽  
pp. 34-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oleg Sergeyevich Denisenko
Keyword(s):  
Fish Species ◽  
Grass Carp ◽  
Aquatic Vegetation ◽  
Silver Carp ◽  
Environmental Data ◽  
Ctenopharyngodon Idella ◽  
Complete Disappearance ◽  
Hypophthalmichthys Molitrix ◽  
Krasnodar Krai ◽  
Biological Resources

The author has carried out a retrospective analysis of environmental data about the Azov limans of the Krasnodar Krai. The increasing liman deterioration leading to their complete disappearance has been noted. Assessment of the priority of liman fish economy has been given. In terms of biological melioration there have been offered measures on stocking limans with herbivorous fish species of different age: grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella and white silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix , and determined necessary amounts of yearly stocking of the Azov limans. Modern data on the overgrowth in the water area of the Azov limans by higher aquatic vegetation have been presented in the context of the main groups of limans. The groups of limans were graded according to the priority of conducting biological melioration measures in them and practical recommendations were given on the quantity and places of stocking of the Azov limans grass carp and white silver carp depending on the degree of overgrowth. The necessity of using the funds received as compensation for the harm to water biological resources in the Krasnodar Krai for the artificial reproduction of grass carp and white silver carp and their introduction into the Azov limans has been substantiated. The article shows that stocking limans with herberous fish species will both ensure ameliorative effect and increase amount of fish commercial output.

The Sympathetic Nervous System in Short-Term Adaptation to Cold

1971 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 96-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. LeBlanc ◽  
C. Roberge ◽  
J. Vallière ◽  
G. Oakson
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Continuous Exposure ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Short Term Adaptation ◽  
Increased Sensitivity ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous

Rats were adapted to cold by 10-min exposure to −20 °C every hour during daytime for a total of 27 exposures over a period of 3 days. The significant delayed hypothermia observed in these adapted animals when exposed to severe cold (−16 °C) for 4 h was concomitant with only a 15% increase in oxygen consumption over control animals. While some protection against severe cold was observed in rats given 27 injections of 1 μg thyroxine over a 3-day period, the same treatment with 30 μg noradrenaline (NA)/100 g body weight had opposite effects. Urinary NA was increased during the second and third day of adaptation and the excretion during the 4-h test at −16 °C was significantly greater in the adapted than in the control group. No significant changes in adrenaline (A) excretion were observed during the adaptation period. However during the 4-h test at −16 °C, A excretion was four times greater in the control than in the adapted animals. These results could indicate emotional adjustments in animals adapted by intermittent exposures to severe cold (IS adaptation). It might be suggested that adaptation by continuous exposure to moderate cold (CM adaptation) and IS adaptation are both related to catecholamine secretion: in the case of CM adaptation an increased sensitivity to NA would prevail, whereas in IS adaptation a decreased A secretion could be a factor of some importance.

scholarly journals Checklists of Parasites of Farm Fishes of Babylon Province, Iraq

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Furhan T. Mhaisen ◽  
Abdul-Razzak L. Al-Rubaie
Keyword(s):  
Common Carp ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Grass Carp ◽  
Silver Carp ◽  
Ctenopharyngodon Idella ◽  
Hypophthalmichthys Molitrix ◽  
Fish Farms ◽  
Parasitic Fauna ◽  
Liza Abu ◽  
The Common

Literature reviews of all references concerning the parasitic fauna of fishes in fish farms of Babylon province, middle of Iraq, showed that a total of 92 valid parasite species are so far known from the common carp (Cyprinus carpio), the grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), and the silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) as well as from three freshwater fish species (Carassius auratus,Liza abu, andHeteropneustes fossilis) which were found in some fish farms of the same province. The parasitic fauna included one mastigophoran, three apicomplexans, 13 ciliophorans, five myxozoans, five trematodes, 45 monogeneans, five cestodes, three nematodes, two acanthocephalans, nine arthropods, and one mollusc. The common carp was found to harbour 81 species of parasites, the grass carp 30 species, the silver carp 28 species,L. abu13 species,C. auratusone species, andH. fossilisone species. A host-parasite list for each fish species was also provided.

Juvenile sturgeon exhibit reduced physiological responses to exercise

2001 ◽  
Vol 204 (24) ◽  
pp. 4281-4289
Author(s):  
James D. Kieffer ◽  
Andrea M. Wakefield ◽  
Matthew K. Litvak
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Ammonia Excretion ◽  
Exhaustive Exercise ◽  
Shortnose Sturgeon ◽  
Atlantic Sturgeon ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Lactate Levels ◽  
Excretion Rates

SUMMARYExperiments were conducted to determine the physiological responses to exercise of Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrhynchus) and shortnose sturgeon (A. brevirostrum). We measured the rates of oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion in both species and a variety of physiological parameters in both muscle (e.g. lactate, glycogen, pyruvate, glucose and phosphocreatine concentrations) and blood (e.g. osmolality and lactate concentration) in juvenile shortnose sturgeon following 5 min of exhaustive exercise.In both species, oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion rates increased approximately twofold following exhaustive exercise. Post-exercise oxygen consumption rates decreased to control levels within 30 min in both sturgeon species, but post-exercise ammonia excretion rates remained high in Atlantic sturgeon throughout the 4 h experiment. Resting muscle energy metabolite levels in shortnose sturgeon were similar to those of other fish species, but the levels decreased only slightly following the exercise period and recovery occurred within an hour. Under resting conditions, muscle lactate levels were low (&lt;1 μmol g–1) but they increased to approximately 6 μmol g–1 after exercise, returning to control levels within 6 h. Unlike similarly stressed teleost fish, such as the rainbow trout, plasma lactate levels did not increase substantially and returned to resting levels within 2 h. Plasma osmolality was not significantly affected by exercise in shortnose sturgeon.Taken together, these results suggest that shortnose and Atlantic sturgeon do not exhibit the physiological responses to exhaustive exercise typical of other fish species. They may possess behavioural or endocrinological mechanisms that differ from those of other fishes and that lead to a reduced ability to respond physiologically to exhaustive exercise.

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