Market structure and pricing strategies: A mathematical and graphical analysis of price discrimination, accompanied by a Microsoft Excel–based tool

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Manuel Salas-Velasco
Keyword(s):  
Market Structure ◽  
Price Discrimination ◽  
Graphical Analysis ◽  
Pricing Strategies ◽  
Microsoft Excel ◽  
Market Structure And Pricing

scholarly journals Price discrimination in informal labor markets in Bogotá: an audit experiment during the 2018 FIFA World Cup

2021 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Zamora ◽  
César Mantilla ◽  
Mariana Blanco
Keyword(s):  
Labor Markets ◽  
Price Discrimination ◽  
Pricing Strategies ◽  
World Cup ◽  
Street Vendors ◽  
Fifa World Cup ◽  
Informal Labor ◽  
Seasonal Demand ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
Gender Based

AbstractWe conducted an audit experiment to examine whether street vendors in Bogotá (Colombia) exert price discrimination based on buyers’ attributes, such as gender and nationality, and based on product characteristics, such as the increasing marginal valuation of items needed to complete a collection. We exploited the seasonal demand for album stickers related to the FIFA World Cup Russia 2018. In our within-subjects design, experimenters carried out in-person audits and quoted a pre-determined list of missing stickers. They interacted with 59 sticker vendors located in five geographic clusters and collected 287 vendor–buyer interactions. We find that prices quoted to foreign buyers are higher than prices quoted to Colombian buyers. By contrast, we do neither find evidence supporting direct gender-based discrimination, nor that vendors charge a higher price per sticker when the list of missing stickers is shorter. We complement the study with a qualitative analysis based on interviews that reveal vendors’ pricing strategies, their awareness of price discrimination, and the trade of counterfeits. The qualitative results suggest that price discrimination appears to be unconscious.

scholarly journals Price discrimination in informal labor markets in Bogotá: An audit experiment during the 2018 FIFA World Cup

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Zamora ◽  
Cesar Mantilla ◽  
Mariana Blanco
Keyword(s):  
Labor Markets ◽  
Price Discrimination ◽  
Pricing Strategies ◽  
World Cup ◽  
Street Vendors ◽  
Fifa World Cup ◽  
Informal Labor ◽  
Seasonal Demand ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
Gender Based

We conducted an audit experiment to examine whether street vendors in Bogotá (Colombia) exert price discrimination based on buyers' attributes, such as gender and nationality; and based on product characteristics, such as the increasing marginal valuation of items needed to complete a collection. We exploited the seasonal demand for album stickers related to the FIFA World Cup Russia 2018. In our within-subjects design, experimenters carried out in-person audits and quoted a pre-determined list of missing stickers. They interacted with 59 sticker vendors located in five geographic clusters. We find that prices quoted to foreign buyers are higher than prices quoted to Colombian buyers. By contrast, we do not find evidence supporting direct gender-based discrimination, neither that vendors charge a higher price per sticker when the list of missing stickers is shorter. We complement the study with a qualitative analysis based on interviews that reveal vendors' pricing strategies, their awareness of price discrimination, and the trade of counterfeits.

scholarly journals Pricing and Ethical Issues for Global Markets

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Pratap Chandra Mandal
Keyword(s):  
Price Discrimination ◽  
Conceptual Analysis ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Global Markets ◽  
Bottom Of The Pyramid ◽  
Pricing Strategies ◽  
Ethical Aspects ◽  
Transfer Prices ◽  
Loss Leader ◽  
Price Escalation

Multinationals operating in global markets require analyzing several pricing considerations. They require setting appropriate prices of their products for each of the markets they operate in. Price of a product is an important criterion which decides whether a product will get sold or not. Companies contend with a number of issues in pricing like geographical pricing, price escalation, transfer prices, dumping charges, pricing for emerging markets, and pricing for individuals at the bottom of the pyramid. There are several legal and ethical aspects in pricing. These include deceptive or illegal prices – deceptive reference pricing, loss leader pricing, and bait and switch approach towards pricing; predatory pricing; price discrimination; and price fixing. The contribution of the study is that it conducts a conceptual analysis of the literature on pricing strategies and ethical issues. The analysis is validated by collecting and analyzing information from literature. It discusses how multinationals facing such situations should handle them, establish their businesses in global markets, and generate substantial revenues and profits.

International overview of business profiles from the perspective of Instagram users

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 11-22
Author(s):  
Renata Machova ◽  
Kamilla Santa ◽  
Patrik Basa
Keyword(s):  
Research Area ◽  
Graphical Analysis ◽  
Theoretical Background ◽  
Small Enterprises ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Microsoft Excel ◽  
Research Results ◽  
Recognition Ability ◽  
Statistical Program ◽  
Marketing Tool

Since creating a business Instagram profile is accessible, an increasing number of businesses discovered a new marketing potential. In addition to large enterprises, many self-entrepreneurs and small enterprises register on the websites. They use Instagram as a marketing tool. The authors noted that many valuable publications have already been published addressing the issue. The main objective of this study is to examine the business profiles in terms of Instagram users. The theoretical background to study was prepared using the available scientific literature in social media and Instagram marketing. The central question of the empirical research is whether it is necessary to perceive business profiles in different terms if the company is operating in multiple countries. The research operated with data from three European countries: Slovakia, Hungary, and Romania. The main goal was to find out how Instagram users in the surveyed countries relate to business profiles. The research questions were as follows: Do Instagram users follow business profiles? How developed is the user’s brand recognition ability? What kind of posts do they like on business profiles? Do they show a willingness to advertise products on their profile? The online questionnaire survey was conducted between February 2019 and December 2020. The obtained data were analyzed in Microsoft Excel and SPSS statistical program. The methodological tools of research were cross-tabulation analysis to analyze the research hypotheses and graphical analysis to present the research results. Answers of Instagram users were analyzed by country. The results detected differences in users’ attitudes towards the business profiles by the countries involved in the research. There are only negligible differences, which do not indicate that treating Instagram users in the studied countries different would be necessary. The research results are accessible for businesses, marketing professionals, and agencies operating in one or all countries involved in the survey or outside the research area.

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