scholarly journals Pricing and Ethical Issues for Global Markets

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Pratap Chandra Mandal
Keyword(s):  
Price Discrimination ◽  
Conceptual Analysis ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Global Markets ◽  
Bottom Of The Pyramid ◽  
Pricing Strategies ◽  
Ethical Aspects ◽  
Transfer Prices ◽  
Loss Leader ◽  
Price Escalation

Multinationals operating in global markets require analyzing several pricing considerations. They require setting appropriate prices of their products for each of the markets they operate in. Price of a product is an important criterion which decides whether a product will get sold or not. Companies contend with a number of issues in pricing like geographical pricing, price escalation, transfer prices, dumping charges, pricing for emerging markets, and pricing for individuals at the bottom of the pyramid. There are several legal and ethical aspects in pricing. These include deceptive or illegal prices – deceptive reference pricing, loss leader pricing, and bait and switch approach towards pricing; predatory pricing; price discrimination; and price fixing. The contribution of the study is that it conducts a conceptual analysis of the literature on pricing strategies and ethical issues. The analysis is validated by collecting and analyzing information from literature. It discusses how multinationals facing such situations should handle them, establish their businesses in global markets, and generate substantial revenues and profits.

Pricing Strategies of Multinationals for Global Markets – Considerations and Initiatives

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-36
Author(s):  
Pratap Chandra Mandal
Keyword(s):  
Price Discrimination ◽  
Global Markets ◽  
Bottom Of The Pyramid ◽  
Pricing Strategies ◽  
Important Criterion ◽  
Ethical Aspects ◽  
Reference Pricing ◽  
Transfer Prices ◽  
Loss Leader ◽  
Price Escalation

Multinationals require analyzing a number of pricing considerations while competing in globally. Firms require setting different and appropriate prices of their products for each of the markets they operate in. The price of a product is an important criterion while formulating strategies for global markets as it determines to a large extent whether a product will get sold or not. Companies contend with a number of issues in pricing for global markets like geographical pricing, price escalation, transfer prices, dumping charges, pricing for emerging markets, and pricing for individuals at the bottom of the pyramid. There are several legal and ethical aspects in pricing for global markets. These include deceptive or illegal prices – deceptive reference pricing, loss leader pricing, and the bait and switch approach towards pricing; predatory pricing; price discrimination; and price fixing. Each of the issues is discussed in detail. The article focuses on how multinationals should handle and overcome them, establish their businesses in global markets, and generate substantial revenues and profits.

scholarly journals Price discrimination in informal labor markets in Bogotá: an audit experiment during the 2018 FIFA World Cup

2021 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Zamora ◽  
César Mantilla ◽  
Mariana Blanco
Keyword(s):  
Labor Markets ◽  
Price Discrimination ◽  
Pricing Strategies ◽  
World Cup ◽  
Street Vendors ◽  
Fifa World Cup ◽  
Informal Labor ◽  
Seasonal Demand ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
Gender Based

AbstractWe conducted an audit experiment to examine whether street vendors in Bogotá (Colombia) exert price discrimination based on buyers’ attributes, such as gender and nationality, and based on product characteristics, such as the increasing marginal valuation of items needed to complete a collection. We exploited the seasonal demand for album stickers related to the FIFA World Cup Russia 2018. In our within-subjects design, experimenters carried out in-person audits and quoted a pre-determined list of missing stickers. They interacted with 59 sticker vendors located in five geographic clusters and collected 287 vendor–buyer interactions. We find that prices quoted to foreign buyers are higher than prices quoted to Colombian buyers. By contrast, we do neither find evidence supporting direct gender-based discrimination, nor that vendors charge a higher price per sticker when the list of missing stickers is shorter. We complement the study with a qualitative analysis based on interviews that reveal vendors’ pricing strategies, their awareness of price discrimination, and the trade of counterfeits. The qualitative results suggest that price discrimination appears to be unconscious.

The ethics of pandemic preparedness revisited - autonomy, quarantine, transferability and trust

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
P Schröder-Bäck ◽  
T Schloemer ◽  
K Martakis ◽  
C Brall
Keyword(s):  
Crisis Management ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Ethical Challenges ◽  
Pandemic Preparedness ◽  
Ethical Aspects ◽  
Outbreak Management ◽  
Ethics Framework ◽  
Ethical Point

Abstract Background The outbreak of SARS in 2002 lead to a public health ethics discourse. The crisis management of that time was ethically analysed and lessons to be learned discussed. Scholarship and WHO, among others, developed an ethics of pandemic preparedness. The current “corona crisis” also faces us with ethical challenges. This presentation is comparing the two crises from an ethical point of view and a focus on Europe. Methods An ethics framework for pandemic preparedness (Schröder et al. 2006 and Schröder-Bäck 2014) is used to make a synopsis of ethical issues. Ethical aspects of 2002 and 2020 that were discussed in the literature and in the media are compared. For 2020, the focus is on interventions in Italy, Germany, Switzerland, and the Netherlands. Results Topics that emerged from the 2002 crisis were, among others, revolving around aspects of stigmatisation and fair distribution of scarce resources (esp. vaccines, antivirals). Currently, most urgent and ethically challenging aspects relate to social distancing vs. autonomy: Isolation and quarantine are handled differently across Europe and the EU. Questions of transferability of such interventions prevail. Contexts vary vertically over time (2002 vs. 2020) and horizontally (e.g. between Italy and Germany at the same time). Furthermore, trust in authorities, media and health information is a key issue. Conclusions Ethical aspects are key for good pandemic preparedness and management. The context of the crises between 2002 and 2020 has slightly changed, also based on “lessons learned” from 2002. This has implications on ethical issues that are being discussed. New lessons will have to be learned from the 2020 crisis. Key messages Pandemic preparedness and outbreak management entail many ethical tensions that need to be addressed. Currently, questions of trust and transferability are key to the crisis management, further ethical issues could still emerge.

scholarly journals Targeting and tailoring an intervention for adolescents who are overweight

2014 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirsti Riiser ◽  
Knut Løndal ◽  
Yngvar Ommundsen ◽  
Nina Misvær ◽  
Sølvi Helseth
Keyword(s):  
Health Behavior ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Public Health Intervention ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Health Behavior Change ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Ethical Framework ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Attribution Of Responsibility ◽  
Ethical Aspects

There are important ethical issues to be examined before launching any public health intervention, particularly when targeting vulnerable groups. The aim of this article is to identify and discuss ethical concerns that may arise when intervening for health behavior change among adolescents identified as overweight. These concerns originate from an intervention designed to capacitate adolescents to increase self-determined physical activity. Utilizing an ethical framework for prevention of overweight and obesity, we identified three ethical aspects as particularly significant: the attribution of responsibility for health behavior, liberty to choose, and the effect on the participants’ psychosocial well-being. It is discussed whether and how measures can be taken to deal with these aspects. It seems evident that the ethical aspects are mainly concerned with the vulnerability of adolescents identified as overweight. However, we claim that when individual feedback and counseling is provided, tailored interventions have a unique potential to empower adolescents to make ethically anchored decisions about their own health behavior.

Ethical Aspects of Using Virtual Reality in Psychiatry

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (Special Issue) ◽  
pp. 94-94
Author(s):  
Oana Maria Isailă ◽  
◽  
Sorin Hostiuc ◽  
Filip Curcă ◽  
George Cristian Curcă ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Psychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
Patient Relationship ◽  
Ethical Aspects ◽  
Physician Patient Relationship ◽  
Additional Layer ◽  
Areas Of Interest ◽  
Physician Patient

"Virtual reality (VR), initially a form of entertainment has begun to find its way in healthcare practice. One of its main areas of interest is the treatment of psychiatric disorders. When using VR, the basic ethical principles underlying the physician-patient relationship should be respected, but they should be customized by the presence of an additional layer of complexity generated by the interposition of the virtual world. The physician-patient relationship is often multidirectional, often including a larger team of healthcare professionals, family members or acquaintances, working conjointly to optimize the medical care. Each time other participants are involved within this relationship, the complexity of the ethical issues tends to increase. For example, if the patient has decreased insight, it is possible that other persons must make some medical decisions – resulting a prioritization of beneficence compared to autonomy. Also, we must take into account the fact that many psychiatric symptoms can be seen as a form of “virtual reality” by the patient. The healthcare provider must take additional safety measures to minimize the harms made by VR techniques in psychiatric patients, by using methods that are individually tailored. The main aim of this paper is to debate the ethical aspects surrounding the applicability of virtual reality in treating psychiatric patients, with an emphasis on the elements that were mentioned earlier. "

Ethical aspects of insect production for food and feed

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Gjerris ◽  
C. Gamborg ◽  
H. Röcklinsberg
Keyword(s):  
High Pressures ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Ethical Aspects ◽  
Production Methods ◽  
Human Food ◽  
Feed Production ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
The Impact

Given a growing global human population and high pressures on resources, interest in insects as a source of protein for human food (entomophagy) and for animal feed is growing. So far, the main issues discussed have been the embedded technical challenges of scaling up the production. The use of insects as a major human food and feed source is thought to present two major challenges: (1) how to turn insects into safe, tasty socially acceptable feed and food; and (2) how to cheaply yet sustainably produce enough insects? Entomophagy, however, as any utilisation of animals and the rest of nature also entails ethical issues – both regarding the impact on human health, the environment and climate change and regarding production methods such as intensification and biotechnology. The aim of the paper is to give a systematic overview of ethical aspects embedded in the notion of utilising insects as protein providers in the Western food and feed production chains. We identify five areas where ethical questions are especially pertinent: environmental impact, human and animal health, human preferences and social acceptability, animal welfare and finally broader animal ethics issues. Especially the latter two are more scantly dealt with in the literature. This part of the review will therefore contain suggestions for ethical issues that should be examined closer.

Ethical issues in palliative care research

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Casarett
Keyword(s):  
Palliative Care ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Research Participation ◽  
Ethical Aspects ◽  
Interventional Study ◽  
Care Research ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Decision Making Capacity ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Study Designs

Recent growth in palliative care research has created a heterogeneous field that encompasses both qualitative and quantitative techniques, and descriptive as well as interventional study designs. Despite the valuable knowledge that has been produced by this research, and the promise of future important advances, its progress has been impeded by a persistent uncertainty about the ethics of these studies. For instance, there have been concerns raised about whether patients near the end of life should ever be asked to participate in research, although others have objected to this extreme position. Nevertheless, the combination of ethical and practical issues can create substantial barriers to palliative care research. This chapter discusses five ethical aspects of palliative care research that investigators and clinicians should consider in designing and conducting palliative care research. These include (1) the study’s potential benefits to future patients, (2) the study’s potential benefits to subjects, (3) the study’s risks to subjects, (4) subjects’ decision-making capacity, and (5) the voluntariness of subjects’ choices about research participation.

Ethics of social consequences and ethical issues of consumption

Human Affairs ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ján Kalajtzidis
Keyword(s):  
Distributive Justice ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Ethical Consumption ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
Global Markets ◽  
Determining Factors ◽  
Micro Level

AbstractThe main aim of the present paper is to analyze the issue of consumption from the position of the ethics of social consequences, and to consider some questions connected to the issue. In this paper consumption is viewed through the triumph of the market and the triumph of consumerism, as determining factors in today’s society. The central part of the paper introduces the issue of justice, which is closely connected to many questions regarding consumerism, an excessive form of consumption. Later, three different categories of justice found in the theory of the ethics of social consequences are outlined. The last part of the paper then examines in more detail the forms of justice (distributive, reciprocal) closely connected to the issue of consumption. Two ways of achieving fair conditions (distributive justice) on global markets as a requirement for reciprocal justice are then discussed. The first approach relates to the macro level, and the second to ethical consumption at the micro level.

scholarly journals Price discrimination in informal labor markets in Bogotá: An audit experiment during the 2018 FIFA World Cup

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Zamora ◽  
Cesar Mantilla ◽  
Mariana Blanco
Keyword(s):  
Labor Markets ◽  
Price Discrimination ◽  
Pricing Strategies ◽  
World Cup ◽  
Street Vendors ◽  
Fifa World Cup ◽  
Informal Labor ◽  
Seasonal Demand ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
Gender Based

We conducted an audit experiment to examine whether street vendors in Bogotá (Colombia) exert price discrimination based on buyers' attributes, such as gender and nationality; and based on product characteristics, such as the increasing marginal valuation of items needed to complete a collection. We exploited the seasonal demand for album stickers related to the FIFA World Cup Russia 2018. In our within-subjects design, experimenters carried out in-person audits and quoted a pre-determined list of missing stickers. They interacted with 59 sticker vendors located in five geographic clusters. We find that prices quoted to foreign buyers are higher than prices quoted to Colombian buyers. By contrast, we do not find evidence supporting direct gender-based discrimination, neither that vendors charge a higher price per sticker when the list of missing stickers is shorter. We complement the study with a qualitative analysis based on interviews that reveal vendors' pricing strategies, their awareness of price discrimination, and the trade of counterfeits.

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