Inflammatory mediators in exhaled breath condensate and peripheral blood of healthy donors and stable COPD patients

Objective. The purpose of this study was to compare matrix metalloproteinase-12 (MMP-12), neutrophil elastase (NE), and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-4 (TIMP-4) in peripheral blood of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and controls. At the same time, MMP-12, NE, and TIMP-4 in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) were also evaluated. Methods. Peripheral blood and EBC samples from COPD patients and healthy controls were collected. In serum and EBC, MMP-12, NE, and TIMP-4 proteins were detected by enzyme-linked immunoassays. The mRNA expression levels of MMP-12, NE, and TIMP-4 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Results. The concentration of TIMP-4 protein in EBC was lower in patients with COPD (P<0.001). MMP-12 (P=0.046), NE (P=0.027), and TIMP-4 (P=0.005) proteins in serum of patients with COPD showed higher levels of concentration. The mRNA of MMP-12 (P=0.0067), NE (P=0.0058), and TIMP-4 (P=0.0006) in PBMCs of COPD patients showed higher expression levels. Compared with stable patients, mRNA expression level of NE (P=0.033) in PBMCs of patients with acute exacerbation of COPD was increased. There were differences in the ratio of MMP-12/TIMP-4 in PBMC (P=0.0055), serum (P=0.0427), and EBC (P=0.0035) samples between COPD patients and healthy controls. The mRNA expression of MMP-12 (r=−0.3958, P=0.0186) and NE (r=−0.3694, P=0.0290) in COPD patients was negatively correlated with pulmonary function. However, the mRNA expression of TIMP-4 (r=0.2871, P=0.0945) in PBMCs was not correlated with the FEV1 of the pulmonary function. Serum MMP-12 level was positively correlated with the MMP-12 level in EBC (P=0.0387). The level of TIMP-4 in serum was not correlated with the level in the EBC sample (P=0.4332). Conclusion. The expression levels of MMP-12, NE, and TIMP-4 in PBMCs and serum were elevated in COPD patients. In PBMCs of COPD patients, the mRNA expression level of NE may predict acute exacerbation, and MMP-12 mRNA expression level may be used to reflect the severity of airflow limitation. However, to better assess their diagnostic or prognostic value, larger studies are necessary.

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Comparison of exhaled breath condensate pH using two commercially available devices in healthy controls, asthma and COPD patients

Respiratory Research ◽

10.1186/1465-9921-10-78 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

Rembert Koczulla ◽

Silvano Dragonieri ◽

Robert Schot ◽

Robert Bals ◽

Stefanie A Gauw ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Exhaled Breath Condensate ◽

Exhaled Breath ◽

Healthy Controls ◽

Copd Patients ◽

Breath Condensate

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NMR-based metabolomics of exhaled breath condensate for assessing the effects of inhaled corticosteroids in COPD patients

10.1183/1393003.congress-2017.pa3257 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Paolo Montuschi ◽

Giuseppe Santini ◽

Nadia Mores ◽

Tim Higenbottam ◽

Alessia Vignoli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Inhaled Corticosteroids ◽

Exhaled Breath Condensate ◽

Exhaled Breath ◽

Copd Patients ◽

Breath Condensate

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The impact of acute smoke exposure on selected biomarkers in exhaled breath condensate in COPD patients and healthy smokers

10.1183/13993003.congress-2016.oa1484 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Marta Maskey-Warzechowska ◽

Patrycja Nejman-Gryz ◽

Katarzyna Osinka ◽

Paulina Lis ◽

Kamila Malesa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Exhaled Breath Condensate ◽

Smoke Exposure ◽

Exhaled Breath ◽

Copd Patients ◽

The Impact ◽

Breath Condensate

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INHALED CORTICOSTEROIDS PREVENT EXHALED BREATH CONDENSATE ACIDIFICATION IN MECHANICALLY VENTILATED COPD PATIENTS

CHEST Journal ◽

10.1378/chest.130.4_meetingabstracts.209s-a ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 130 (4) ◽

pp. 209S

Author(s):

Aliaksandr Y. Skrahin ◽

Aliaksandr S. Smirnou ◽

Anatoli D. Tahanovich ◽

Alena M. Skrahina ◽

Andrei P. Astrauko

Keyword(s):

Inhaled Corticosteroids ◽

Exhaled Breath Condensate ◽

Exhaled Breath ◽

Mechanically Ventilated ◽

Copd Patients ◽

Breath Condensate

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Iron concentration in exhaled breath condensate decreases in ever-smokers and COPD patients

Journal of Breath Research ◽

10.1088/1752-7163/aad825 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 046009

Author(s):

Andrew J Ghio ◽

Joleen M Soukup ◽

John McGee ◽

Michael C Madden ◽

Charles R Esther

Keyword(s):

Exhaled Breath Condensate ◽

Iron Concentration ◽

Exhaled Breath ◽

Copd Patients ◽

Breath Condensate

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Reducing Agents Decrease the Oxidative Burst and Improve Clinical Outcomes in COPD Patients: A Randomised Controlled Trial on the Effects of Sulphurous Thermal Water Inhalation

The Scientific World JOURNAL ◽

10.1155/2013/927835 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Marco Contoli ◽

Giulia Gnesini ◽

Giacomo Forini ◽

Brunilda Marku ◽

Alessia Pauletti ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Clinical Outcomes ◽

Thermal Water ◽

Exhaled Breath Condensate ◽

Oxidant Stress ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Isotonic Saline ◽

Reducing Agents ◽

Exhaled Breath ◽

Copd Patients ◽

Breath Condensate

Background. Inhalation of thermal water with antioxidant properties is empirically used for COPD.Aims. To evaluate the effects of sulphurous thermal water (reducing agents) on airway oxidant stress and clinical outcomes in COPD.Methods. Forty moderate-to-severe COPD patients were randomly assigned to receive 12-day inhalation with sulphurous thermal water or isotonic saline. Patients were assessed for superoxide anion (O2-) production in the exhaled breath condensate and clinical outcomes at recruitment, the day after the conclusion of the 12-day inhalation treatment, and one month after the end of the inhalation treatment.Results. Inhalation of reducing agents resulted in a significant reduction ofO2-production in exhaled breath condensate of COPD patients at the end of the inhalatory treatment and at followup compared to baseline. A significant improvement in the COPD assessment test (CAT) questionnaire was shown one month after the end of the inhalatory treatment only in patients receiving sulphurous water.Conclusion. Thermal water inhalation produced anin vivoantioxidant effect and improvement in health status in COPD patients. Larger studies are required in order to evaluate whether inhalation of thermal water is able to modify relevant clinical outcomes of the disease (the study was registered at clinicaltrial.gov—identifier:NCT01664767).

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Inflammation, Oxidative Stress and Systemic Effects in Mild Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology ◽

10.1177/039463200702000411 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 20 (4) ◽

pp. 753-763 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

M.P. Foschino Barbaro ◽

G.E. Carpagnano ◽

A. Spanevello ◽

M.G. Cagnazzo ◽

P.J. Barnes

Keyword(s):

Healthy Subjects ◽

Respiratory Muscle ◽

Exhaled Breath Condensate ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Chronic Obstructive ◽

Exhaled Breath ◽

Respiratory Muscle Strength ◽

Copd Patients ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Breath Condensate

Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD) is a pulmonary disease characterized by systemic abnormalities. The aim of this study is to investigate inflammation and systemic effects in mild COPD. Twenty-seven mild stable smoking related COPD patients and 15 age-matched healthy subjects were enrolled in the study. IL-6, TNF-α and IL-4 in plasma, sputum and exhaled breath condensate were measured. We also measured exhaled nitric oxide (NO) and pH in sputum and in breath condensate. Moreover, fat-free mass, body mass index (BMI), respiratory muscle strength, plasma oxidative stress and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured. Higher concentrations were found of CRP, of diacron reactive oxygen metabolites (DROMs) and of IL-6, TNF-α and IL-4 either in plasma or in supernatant of induced sputum or in exhaled breath condensate of COPD subjects compared to healthy controls. Furthermore, higher concentrations were observed of exhaled NO and lower exhaled pH in breath condensate of COPD when compared with healthy subjects. In the group of COPD patients, the subjects with airway reversibility showed an increase of sputum eosinophils and exhaled NO, whereas the subjects without airway obstruction reversibility showed an increase in sputum neutrophils, TNF-α and IL-6. We also found a trend towards a decrease in fat-free mass and respiratory muscle strength in COPD compared to healthy subjects and a negative correlation between these systemic indices (fat-free mass, maximal inspiratory pressure, maximal expiratory pressure) and TNF-α concentrations in the blood, sputum and breath condensate. We conclude that mild COPD subjects present an increase in inflammatory markers in blood and in airways of similar pattern and furthermore, the neutrophilic pattern of airway inflammation observed in the group of COPD subjects without an airway obstruction reversibility makes it more likely that systemic features are present.

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