Productivity and Fruit Quality of ‘Aroma’ Apples as Affected by Tree Density in Single Row, Double Row and Triple Row Planting Systems in a Northern Climate

1995 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 132-141
Author(s):  
Jonas Ystaas ◽  
Olav Hovland ◽  
Atle Kvåle
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Tree Density ◽  
Double Row ◽  
Single Row ◽  
Northern Climate

Arthroscopic Single-Row versus Double-Row Suture Anchor Rotator Cuff Repair

2005 ◽  
Vol 33 (12) ◽  
pp. 1861-1868 ◽  
Author(s):  
Augustus D. Mazzocca ◽  
Peter J. Millett ◽  
Carlos A. Guanche ◽  
Stephen A. Santangelo ◽  
Robert A. Arciero
Keyword(s):  
Rotator Cuff ◽  
Rotator Cuff Repair ◽  
Double Row ◽  
Single Row ◽  
Load To Failure ◽  
Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff ◽  
Double Row Repair ◽  
Cuff Repair ◽  
Repair Techniques

Background Recurrent defects after open and arthroscopic rotator cuff repair are common. Double-row repair techniques may improve initial fixation and quality of rotator cuff repair. Purpose To evaluate the load to failure, cyclic displacement, and anatomical footprint of 4 arthroscopic rotator cuff repair techniques. Hypothesis Double-row suture anchor repair would have superior structural properties and would create a larger footprint compared to single-row repair. Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Methods Twenty fresh-frozen cadaveric shoulders were randomly assigned to 4 arthroscopic repair techniques. The repair was performed as either a single-row technique or 1 of 3 double-row techniques: diamond, mattress double anchor, or modified mattress double anchor. Angle of loading, anchor type, bone mineral density, anchor distribution, angle of anchor insertion, arthroscopic technique, and suture type and size were all controlled. Footprint length and width were quantified before and after repair. Displacement with cyclic loading and load to failure were determined. Results There were no differences in load to failure and displacement with cyclic loading between the single-row repair and each double-row repair. All repair groups demonstrated load to failure greater than 250 N. A significantly greater supraspinatus footprint width was seen with double-row techniques compared to single-row repair. Conclusions The single-row repair technique was similar to the double-row techniques in load to failure, cyclic displacement, and gap formation. The double-row anchor repairs consistently restored a larger footprint than did the single-row method. Clinical Relevance The arthroscopic techniques studied have strong structural properties that approached the reported performance of open repair techniques. Double-row techniques provide a larger footprint width; although not addressed by this study, such a factor may improve the biological quality of repair.

scholarly journals Citrus Scion and Rootstock, Topping Height, and Tree Spacing Affect Tree Size, Yield, Fruit Quality, and Economic Return

1995 ◽  
Vol 120 (5) ◽  
pp. 861-870 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.A. Wheaton ◽  
J.D. Whitney ◽  
W.S. Castle ◽  
R.P. Muraro ◽  
H.W. Browning ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Citrus Sinensis ◽  
Sweet Orange ◽  
Tree Density ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Poncirus Trifoliata ◽  
Factorial Experiment ◽  
Economic Returns ◽  
Economic Return

A factorial experiment begun in 1980 included `Hamlin' and `Valencia' sweet-orange scions [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb.], and Milam lemon (C. jambhiri Lush) and Rusk citrange [C. sinensis × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.] rootstocks, tree topping heights of 3.7 and 5.5 m, between-row spacings of 4.5 and 6.0 m, and in-row spacings of 2.5 and 4.5 m. The spacing combinations provided tree densities of 370, 494, 667, and 889 trees ha. Yield increased with increasing tree density during the early years of production. For tree ages 9 to 13 years, however, there was no consistent relationship between yield and tree density. Rusk citrange, a rootstock of moderate vigor, produced smaller trees and better yield, fruit quality, and economic returns than Milam lemon, a vigorous rootstock. After filling their allocated space, yield and fruit quality of trees on Milam rootstock declined with increasing tree density at the lower topping height. Cumulative economic returns at year 13 were not related to tree density.

scholarly journals Apple Orchard as Twin-row Tree-belt on Dwarf and Semi-dwarf Rootstocks

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 473C-473
Author(s):  
A.S. Devyatov
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
Tree Density ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Single Row ◽  
Narrow Passage ◽  
Very High ◽  
Density Treatment

Growth and fruiting of apple trees in twin-row tree-belts were studied during 5 years after planting the orchard. Distance between belts was 4 m, between rows in a belt was 1 m, between trees in row 3 or 1.5 m, giving tree densities of 1335 or 2670 trees/ha, respectively. Control was a single-row planting 4 × 3 or 4 × 1.5 m, producing densities of 833 or 1665 trees/ha. Trees were trained as hedgerow in treatments with a density of 1335 or 833 trees/ha. Each tree in a twin-row belt had a separate crown with narrow passage between trees. This passage was cut through every year. Fruiting of `Tellisaare' began at 2nd leaf, `Antey' at 3rd, and `Spartan' at 4th leaf after planting. Total yield for 3 years in the highest density treatment of single-row planting of `Antey' and `Tellisaare' was >50 t·ha–1 and in twin-row orchard construction from 36 to 57 t·ha–1, depending on orchard density. The two-fold increase in orchard density from 1335 to 2700 trees/ha raised yield of `Antey' by 58% and `Tellisaare' by 33%. Single-row treatment with a tree density of 1665/ha averaged 17.1–17.5 t·ha–1 without great expenditure on pruning of trees. The fruit quality was very high in all treatments.

scholarly journals Plant Arrangement and Cultivar Effects on Yield and Fruit Quality of Bell Pepper

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 800D-801
Author(s):  
Brian A. Kahn* ◽  
Daniel I. Leskovar
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Bell Pepper ◽  
King Arthur ◽  
Double Row ◽  
Blossom End Rot ◽  
Plant Arrangement ◽  
Marketable Fruit ◽  
Fixed Population

Single- and double-row arrangements of a fixed population (one plant every 0.285 m2) were compared in factorial combination with two (2002) or five (2003) cultivars for effects on yield and fruit quality of bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Arrangements for 2002 were: (1) 1.9 m between centers of double-row beds, rows on beds 30 cm apart, plants within rows 30 cm apart; (2) single rows 0.95 m apart, plants within rows 30 cm apart; (3) 1.52 m between centers of double-row beds, rows on beds 24 cm apart, plants within rows 37.5 cm apart; and (4) single rows 0.76 m apart, plants within rows 37.5 cm apart. Only arrangements (1) and (2) were used in 2003. Row arrangement did not affect marketable fruit production in Oklahoma in 2002, but single rows resulted in a greater weight of fruit with blossom-end rot than double rows. Arrangement (2) resulted in both a greater weight of U.S. No. 1 fruit and a greater weight of sunburned fruit than arrangement (1) in Texas in 2002. `King Arthur' produced more marketable fruit than `X3R Wizard' in Oklahoma in 2002, but the opposite occurred in Texas. Arrangement (2) resulted in a greater weight of U.S. No. 1 fruit than arrangement (1) in both locations in 2003. Arrangement (2) also resulted in greater weights of sunburned (Oklahoma) or total cull (Texas) fruit than arrangement (1) in 2003. `Lafayette' and `X3R Wizard' produced a greater weight of marketable fruit than `Boynton Bell', `Karma', and `King Arthur' in Texas in 2003, but not in Oklahoma. Plant arrangement × cultivar interactions were not evident in Oklahoma and minimal in Texas. Given the tested population, a single row arrangement is likely to result in higher U.S. No. 1 fruit yields than a double-row arrangement, despite an increased potential for cull fruit production with single rows.

Double vs. Single-Row Pine Plantations for Wood and Forage Production

1985 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clifford E. Lewis ◽  
George W. Tanner ◽  
W. Stephen Terry
Keyword(s):  
Open Space ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Pinus Elliottii ◽  
Tree Density ◽  
Slash Pine ◽  
Wildlife Habitat ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Double Row ◽  
Wood Volume ◽  
Single Row

Abstract To find planting patterns for growing high volumes of wood while maintaining forage for cattle and wildlife habitat, slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm) was planted in various configurations to increase the open space between rows while holding tree density constant. Thirteen years after planting, there were few significant differences in survival, height, and diameter; basal area and total wood volume were as good or greater in the 4 x 8 foot double-row configuration spaced 40 feet apart. Double-row configurations produced more forage than single-row. This configuration offers a high timber volume and forage mass alternative to the currently favored 8 x 12 foot spacing used for dual resource management.

Performance of High-Speed Precision Air-Bearing Spindle with Active Aerodynamic Bearing

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 297-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Mizumoto ◽  
◽  
Yoichi Tazoe ◽  
Tomohiro Hirose ◽  
Katsuhiko Atoji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rotational Speed ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Wedge Angle ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Air Bearing ◽  
Double Row ◽  
Single Row ◽  
Thrust Bearings ◽  
Spindle Vibration

A high-speed precision air-bearing tool spindle with active aerodynamic bearing is proposed for improving the quality of machining using small-diameter cutting and grinding tools. The spindle is basically supported by aerostatic radial and thrust bearings. According to the spindle vibration detected by capacitance sensors, the wedge angle of the active aerodynamic bearing was controlled using piezoelectric actuators, thereby suppressing the spindle vibration. In the present paper, the performances of a prototype air-bearing spindle with single-row active aerodynamic bearing and an improved air-bearing spindle with double-row bearings are reported. Through experiments, it was demonstrated that the maximum rotational speed controlled by the active aerodynamic bearing is 800 Hz (48,000 min-1), and that the amplitude of spindle vibration can be suppressed to <50 nm at the rotational speed of 500 Hz (30,000 min-1).

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF VACUUM DEVICES ON POPULATION OF LYGUS HESPERUS, VARIOUS BENEFICIAL INSECTS AND FRUIT QUALITY OF STRAWBERRIES

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1131c-1131
Author(s):  
N.C. Welch ◽  
C. Pickel ◽  
D. Walsh
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Lygus Hesperus ◽  
Single Row ◽  
Beneficial Insects ◽  
Air Movement ◽  
Fruit Damage

Two vacuum machines, a single row 950 cfm and a 3 row 3000 cfm of air movement were tested. Treatments: 1) weekly vacuum, 2) Biphenthrin and 3) Untreated.Biphenthrin treatments significantly reduced the number per plant of lygus nymphs (0.2) and adults (0.7) vs. the vacuum treatments (3.1) and (0.31) and Untreated (4.6) and (1.2) in both tests. Damaged fruit was significantly less in the Biphenthrin treatments (4.4%) from the vacuum (15.5%) and Untreated (21.5%) plots.There was significant reduction in lygus numbers and fruit damage in the vacuum plot, but fruit damage remained unacceptably high. Minute pirate bugs were the least affected by the vacuum treatments. Lace wings and spiders were somewhat more affected and big eyed bug populations were reduced by over 50%.

scholarly journals Results of Еxploitation Тesting of Potato Diggers Used for Мercantile Potato Harvesting in Conditions of Northern Kosovo and Metohija

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 173
Author(s):  
Saša Barać ◽  
Aleksandar Đikić ◽  
Ivica Mihajlović ◽  
Milan Biberdžić ◽  
Bojana Milenković ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Consumption ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Surface Effect ◽  
Conveyor Belt ◽  
Potato Tubers ◽  
Double Row ◽  
Quality Work ◽  
Single Row ◽  
Ecological Conditions

Mercantile potato harvesting is an operation that requires a quality work of potato diggers, because of the possible damage to tubers caused by the working body that can affect the quality and duration of the storage of tubers. For potatoes harvesting, the best effects are expressed by single-row and double-row diggers with a conveyor belt. This paper presents the re­sults of exploitation tests on various potato diggers used for mercantile potato harvesting in the ecological conditions of northern Kosovo and Me­tohia. The aim of our study was to determine the quality of the work of potato diggers, the power consumption and surface effect. On the basis of these results, it was concluded that the total loss of potato tubers was between 5.01% (565.7 kg ha-1) and 11.50% (1,291.2 kg ha-1) according to the yields in the studied plots. During the testing the digger generated effects ranged from 0.10 ha h-1 up to 0.28 ha h-1, with an average fuel consumption of 12.60 l hа-1 up to 19.20 l hа-1.

scholarly journals Cultivar and Plant Arrangement Effects on Yield and Fruit Quality of Bell Pepper

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (7) ◽  
pp. 1565-1570 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian A. Kahn ◽  
Daniel I. Leskovar
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Bell Pepper ◽  
King Arthur ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Double Row ◽  
Pepper Fruit ◽  
Plant Arrangement ◽  
Marketable Fruit

Single- and double-row arrangements of a fixed population (one plant every 0.285 m2) were compared in factorial combination with two (2002) or five (2003) cultivars for effects on yield and fruit quality of bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Arrangements for 2002 were S30, single rows 0.95 m apart, plants within rows 30 cm apart; D30, 1.9 m between centers of double-row beds, double rows 30 cm apart on beds, plants within rows 30 cm apart; S37.5, single rows 0.76 m apart, plants within rows 37.5 cm apart; and D37.5, 1.52 m between centers of double-row beds, double rows 24 cm apart on beds, plants within rows 37.5 cm apart. Only the S30 and D30 arrangements were used in 2003 after 2002 results showed almost no differences between S30 and S37.5 or between D30 and D37.5. Choice of cultivar was more critical in Texas, where `X3R Wizard' consistently outperformed `King Arthur', than in Oklahoma. Single rows resulted in more full-season total marketable fruit weight than double rows in three experiments out of four, primarily as a result of an increased weight of U.S. No. 1 fruit with single rows. Average weight per marketable fruit was consistently unaffected by plant arrangement. Single rows also resulted in a greater full-season weight of sunburned fruit than double rows in two experiments out of four. Cultivar × plant arrangement interactions were not evident in Oklahoma and never involved full-season marketable fruit weights at either location in either year. Given the tested population, a single-row arrangement is likely to result in increased full-season production of U.S. No. 1 bell pepper fruit compared with a double-row arrangement, despite an increased potential for sunburned fruit with single rows.

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