Automatic-Spreading Activation Effects following Children's Reading of Complete Sentences

1989 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-194
Author(s):  
Debra J. Vitek ◽  
Frederick M. Schwantes
Keyword(s):  
Target Word ◽  
Context Effects ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Naming Latency ◽  
Semantic Integration ◽  
Cued Recall ◽  
Sentence Completion ◽  
Facilitation Effect ◽  
Recall Memory ◽  
Previous Sentence

Third-, sixth-, and college-grade level students participated in an on-line reading task that incorporated both a naming latency and a subsequent cued-recall memory requirement. Following reading of a complete sentence, latency for naming a target word was measured in which the target word was either (a) a repetition of a word in the previous sentence, (b) an associate of a word in the previous sentence, (c) inferable from the integrated meaning of words in the previous sentence, or (d) unrelated to words in the previous sentence. Increased speed was found for naming words presented in the repeated, associated, and inferred target conditions as compared to the unrelated word condition. In each case, the observed facilitation effect was of greater magnitude for the younger readers. In the cued-recall task, single-word cues resulted in better recall memory performance when the cue had been explicitly presented in a prior sentence as compared to cues which were only inferable from previously read material. Results were interpreted in terms of context effects which extend beyond sentence completion boundaries and in terms of developmental differences in automatic expectancy and semantic integration effects.

Memory Effects of Speech and Gesture Binding: Cortical and Hippocampal Activation in Relation to Subsequent Memory Performance

2009 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 821-836 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Straube ◽  
Antonia Green ◽  
Susanne Weis ◽  
Anjan Chatterjee ◽  
Tilo Kircher
Keyword(s):  
Visual Information ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Premotor Cortex ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Semantic Integration ◽  
Middle Temporal Gyrus ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Fmri Session ◽  
Abstract Content

In human face-to-face communication, the content of speech is often illustrated by coverbal gestures. Behavioral evidence suggests that gestures provide advantages in the comprehension and memory of speech. Yet, how the human brain integrates abstract auditory and visual information into a common representation is not known. Our study investigates the neural basis of memory for bimodal speech and gesture representations. In this fMRI study, 12 participants were presented with video clips showing an actor performing meaningful metaphoric gestures (MG), unrelated, free gestures (FG), and no arm and hand movements (NG) accompanying sentences with an abstract content. After the fMRI session, the participants performed a recognition task. Behaviorally, the participants showed the highest hit rate for sentences accompanied by meaningful metaphoric gestures. Despite comparable old/new discrimination performances (d′) for the three conditions, we obtained distinct memory-related left-hemispheric activations in the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), the premotor cortex (BA 6), and the middle temporal gyrus (MTG), as well as significant correlations between hippocampal activation and memory performance in the metaphoric gesture condition. In contrast, unrelated speech and gesture information (FG) was processed in areas of the left occipito-temporal and cerebellar region and the right IFG just like the no-gesture condition (NG). We propose that the specific left-lateralized activation pattern for the metaphoric speech–gesture sentences reflects semantic integration of speech and gestures. These results provide novel evidence about the neural integration of abstract speech and gestures as it contributes to subsequent memory performance.

scholarly journals Encoding context effects in recognition and cued recall

1988 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 393-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virginia A. Diehl ◽  
David L. Horton
Keyword(s):  
Context Effects ◽  
Cued Recall

Transforming semantic interference into facilitation in a picture–word interference task

2015 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 1025-1049 ◽  
Author(s):  
QINGFANG ZHANG ◽  
CHEN FENG ◽  
XUEBING ZHU ◽  
CHENG WANG
Keyword(s):  
Context Effect ◽  
Context Effects ◽  
Semantic Context ◽  
Context Word ◽  
Lexical Selection ◽  
Semantic Interference ◽  
Facilitation Effect ◽  
Interference Task ◽  
Empirical Level ◽  
Basic Level

ABSTRACTA number of studies that observed semantic facilitation in a picture–word interference task questioned the hypothesis that lexical selection during speech production is a competitive process. Semantic facilitation effects are typically observed when context words and target names do not belong to the same semantic category level. In the experiments reported in this article, we used a picture–word interference task with basic-level context words and basic-level naming (i.e., the context word is dog, and the target name is cat) to investigate semantic context effects. We observed a reversal of semantic context effect: context words that induce semantic interference when stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) are –100 and 0 ms and induce semantic facilitation at large negative SOA values (from –1000 to –400 ms, in steps of 200 ms). At the empirical level, our data suggest that manipulating SOA can reverse the polarity of the semantic context effect. Our analysis demonstrates that the conceptual selection model provides the most straightforward way to account for the reported polarity shift and the different SOA ranges covered by the semantic interference effect and the semantic facilitation effect.

P1-515: CHARACTERIZING DELAYED RECALL MEMORY PERFORMANCE PRIOR TO THE INITIATION OF HEMODIALYSIS: A PILOT STUDY

2006 ◽  
Vol 14 (7S_Part_9) ◽  
pp. P528-P529
Author(s):  
Christine M. Burns ◽  
Cynthia Davey ◽  
David Tupper ◽  
Anne Murray
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Delayed Recall ◽  
Recall Memory

Language context effects on interlingual homograph recognition: evidence from event-related potentials and response times in semantic priming

2001 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen R. A. de Bruijn ◽  
Ton Dijkstra ◽  
Dorothee J. Chwilla ◽  
Herbert J. Schriefers
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Priming ◽  
Context Effects ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Semantic Integration ◽  
Decision Task ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
On Line

Dutch–English bilinguals performed a generalized lexical decision task on triplets of items, responding with “yes” if all three items were correct Dutch and/or English words, and with “no” if one or more of the items was not a word in either language. Sometimes the second item in a triplet was an interlingual homograph whose English meaning was semantically related to the third item of the triplet (e.g., HOUSE – ANGEL – HEAVEN, where ANGEL means “sting” in Dutch). In such cases, the first item was either an exclusively English (HOUSE) or an exclusively Dutch (ZAAK) word. Semantic priming effects were found in on-line response times. Event-related potentials that were recorded simultaneously showed N400 priming effects thought to reflect semantic integration processes. The response time and N400 priming effects were not affected by the language of the first item in the triplets, providing evidence in support of a strong bottom-up role with respect to bilingual word recognition. The results are interpreted in terms of the Bilingual Interactive Activation model, a language nonselective access model assuming bottom-up priority.

Positive affect and its relationship to free recall memory performance in a sample of older Dutch adults from the Maastricht Aging Study

2005 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 429-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert D. Hill ◽  
M. P. J. van Boxtel ◽  
R. Ponds ◽  
P. J. Houx ◽  
J. Jolles
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Positive Affect ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Recall Memory ◽  
Aging Study

The Effects of Amount of Processing on Recall and Recognition

1987 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 431-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Richard Hanley ◽  
Peter Morris
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Good Predictor ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Cued Recall ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Incidental Memory ◽  
Context Cues

Johnson-Laird, Gibbs and de Mowbray (1978) and Ross (1981) have argued that amount of processing, as indexed by the overall number of decisions a subject makes, provides a good predictor of incidental memory performance. Conversely, McClelland, Rawles and Sinclair (1981) have provided evidence that it is normally the number of positive decisions rather than the overall number of decisions per se that determines level of recall. The present study replicated and extended the findings of McClelland and his colleagues. In free recall (Experiment 1 and 3), cued recall (Experiment 3) and recognition in the presence or absence of context cues (Experiments 2 and 3), an account based on number of positive decisions provided by far the better explanation. Experiment 3 also revealed that the experimental manipulations had a somewhat greater effect on recall than recognition. This is explained in terms of Tulving and Pearlstone's (1966) distinction between availability and accessibility. It is suggested that words associated with negative decisions are not only less accessible in memory, there are also fewer of them available for recall and recognition.

Grammatical Priming of Visual Word Recognition in Fourth grade Children

1996 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 1005-1023 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith A. Bowey
Keyword(s):  
Stimulus Onset Asynchrony ◽  
Target Word ◽  
Priming Effect ◽  
Context Effects ◽  
Fourth Grade ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Semantic Context ◽  
Word Naming ◽  
Word Class ◽  
Onset Asynchrony

Previous work examining context effects in children has been limited to semantic context. The current research examined the effects of grammatical priming of word-naming in fourth-grade children. In Experiment 1, children named both inflected and uninflected noun and verb target words faster when they were preceded by grammatically constraining primes than when they were preceded by neutral primes. Experiment 1 used a long stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) interval of 750 msec. Experiment 2 replicated the grammatical priming effect at two SOA intervals (400 msec and 700 msec), suggesting that the grammatical priming effect does not reflect the operation of any gross strategic effects directly attributable to the long SOA interval employed in Experiment 1. Grammatical context appears to facilitate target word naming by constraining target word class. Further work is required to elucidate the loci of this effect.

scholarly journals Association of CSF Biomarkers with Hippocampal-dependent Memory in Preclinical Alzheimer Disease

Neurology ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 10.1212/WNL.0000000000011477
Author(s):  
Alexandra N Trelle ◽  
Valerie A Carr ◽  
Edward N Wilson ◽  
Michelle S Swarovski ◽  
Madison P Hunt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Discrimination Performance ◽  
Cued Recall ◽  
Csf Biomarkers ◽  
Hippocampal Function ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Delayed Recall ◽  
Preclinical Ad ◽  
Aging And Memory

Objective:To determine if memory tasks with demonstrated sensitivity to hippocampal function can detect variance related to preclinical Alzheimer’s disease (AD) biomarkers, we examined associations between performance in three memory tasks and CSF Aβ42/Aβ40 and p-tau181 in cognitively unimpaired older adults (CU).Methods:CU enrolled in the Stanford Aging and Memory Study (N=153; age 68.78 ± 5.81 yrs; 94 female) completed a lumbar puncture and memory assessments. CSF Aβ42, Aβ40, and phosopho-tau181 (p-tau181) were measured with the automated Lumipulse G system in a single-batch analysis. Episodic memory was assayed using a standardized delayed recall composite, paired associate (word-picture) cued recall, and a mnemonic discrimination task that involves discrimination between studied ‘target’ objects, novel ‘foil’ objects, and perceptually similar ‘lure’ objects. Analyses examined cross-sectional relationships between memory performance, age, and CSF measures, controlling for sex and education.Results:Age and lower Aβ42/Aβ40 were independently associated with elevated p-tau181. Age, Aβ42/Aβ40, and p-tau181 were each associated with a) poorer associative memory and b) diminished improvement in mnemonic discrimination performance across levels of decreased task difficulty (i.e., target-lure similarity). P-tau mediated the effect of Aβ42/Aβ40 on memory. Relationships between CSF proteins and delayed recall were similar but non-significant. CSF Aβ42 was not significantly associated with p-tau181 or memory.Conclusions:Tests designed to tax hippocampal function are sensitive to subtle individual differences in memory among CU, and correlate with early AD-associated biomarker changes in CSF. These tests may offer utility for identifying cognitively unimpaired older adults with preclinical AD pathology.

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