From territorial to ethnographic colonies and back again: the politics of Italian expansion, 1890–1912

Modern Italy ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark I. Choate
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Italian Population ◽  
East African ◽  
Italian Economy ◽  
Indirect Influence ◽  
Colonial Expansion ◽  
Mass Migration ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Luigi Einaudi

SummaryFor Italy, unprecedented mass migration in the late nineteenth century overshadowed the European Scramble for Africa. To secure Italy's place in the new imperial order, Francesco Crispi proposed to harness emigration for colonial expansion, by settling Italy's East African colonies with the surplus Italian population. Defeat at Adwa in 1896 shattered Crispi's project, and turned attention to colonial possibilities elsewhere. Luigi Einaudi and other Liberals trumpeted the value of Italian collectivities or colonie across the Atlantic, where Italy exerted only indirect influence. In theory, these ‘spontaneous colonies’ would boost the Italian economy at little expense. Italian colonialist societies turned from Africa to the Americas, working to make Italian migration more prestigious, successful and profitable. After 1908, however, Enrico Corradini and the Italian Nationalists mocked these initiatives, and called upon the Italian state to return to traditional imperialism in Africa.

Republican Imperialisms

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 118-142
Author(s):  
Christina Carroll
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Advocacy Groups ◽  
Colonial Expansion ◽  
Colonial Empire ◽  
History Of ◽  
French Colonial ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
History Of Empire

In the 1880s and 1890s, a wave of histories of colonial empire appeared in France. But even though they were produced by members of similar republican colonial advocacy groups, these accounts narrated the history of empire in contradictory ways. Some positioned “colonial empire” as an enterprise with ancient roots, while others treated modern colonization as distinct. Some argued that French colonial empire was a unique enterprise in line with republican ideals, but others insisted that it was a European-wide project that transcended domestic political questions. By tracing the differences between these accounts, this article highlights the flexibility that characterized late nineteenth-century republican understandings of empire. It also points to the ways republican advocates for colonial expansion during this period looked both historically and comparatively to legitimize their visions for empire’s future in France.

The Pate Chronicles Revisited: Nineteenth-Century History and Historiography

1996 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 301-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randall L. Pouwels
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Oral Tradition ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
East African ◽  
East African Coast ◽  
African Coast ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Nineteenth

A few years ago I offered an assessment of the Pate “Chronicles” as a tradition-based source for the history of the East African coast. That paper drew on recensions and versions that were readily available at that time to researchers interested in their historiography. Reasons of length and scope, cited at the end of the paper, restricted discussion to Sultan Fumo Madi b. Abu Bakr and his predecessors (Sultan nos. 1-24), that is to say, up to the time of the Battle of Shela,ca. 1807-13. To reiterate, in that paper I established the following points:(1) All recorded versions appear to have been based on an oral tradition that was extant in the mid- to late nineteenth century among Nabahani family members. The existence of a “Book of the Kings of Pate,” mentioned by Werner and Prins, is problematic (see 3 below).(2) Despite the number of versions of the Pate “Chronicles,” they appear to have actually come from only two informants, Bwana Kitini and Mshamu bin Kombo, who was a relative or possibly, as Tolmacheva claims, Bw. Kitini's brother.(3) Except for minor, though discernible, differences between the lists of the sultans given by both informants, most versions are consistent to a surprising degree. This seems attributable to the fact that there wereonlytwo informants, Kitini and Mshamu, who also were related, and who therefore themselves probably shared the same source(s). Given the differences of detail beyond the kinglists, if one of those earlier sources was a written one, such as an actual “Book of the Kings of Pate,” that source seems to have afforded the informants little beyond names and regnal dates.

The European extension

2018 ◽  
pp. 225-247
Author(s):  
Eric Richards
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Fundamental Problem ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Industrial Change ◽  
Mass Migration ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Returns To Labour

Across much of Europe in the late nineteenth century there was a fundamental problem, notably in those zones where industrialisation had had little impact and where the agricultural sector confronted declining returns to labour. Population growth was evidently occurring in a transforming context of agrarian and industrial change, which carried the ultimate causes of mass migration. The absorbent capacity of European cities and towns was the critical factor in the long run. The scale of intra-European migration was extraordinary: Europe’s industrial cities attracted foreigners in vast numbers. The Canadian historian Norman Macdonald declared that the great diasporic European phenomenon was a migration with ‘many roots, chiefly the adverse conditions in the Old World and the appeal of the New’. By the late nineteenth century, emigrants were streaming out of most parts of Europe.

scholarly journals Europe's Tired, Poor, Huddled Masses: Self-Selection and Economic Outcomes in the Age of Mass Migration

2012 ◽  
Vol 102 (5) ◽  
pp. 1832-1856 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ran Abramitzky ◽  
Leah Platt Boustan ◽  
Katherine Eriksson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Outcomes ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Mass Migration ◽  
Self Selection ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Entry Restrictions

During the age of mass migration (1850–1913), one of the largest migration episodes in history, the United States maintained a nearly open border, allowing the study of migrant decisions unhindered by entry restrictions. We estimate the return to migration while accounting for migrant selection by comparing Norway-to-US migrants with their brothers who stayed in Norway in the late nineteenth century. We also compare fathers of migrants and nonmigrants by wealth and occupation. We find that the return to migration was relatively low (70 percent) and that migrants from urban areas were negatively selected from the sending population. (JEL J11, J61, N31, N33)

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