Conservative Liberalism in French and Italian Political Economy

This chapter seeks to offer a balanced and nuanced view of conservative liberalism in French and Italian political economy by examining its key figures, the context of their work, what they thought and wrote, and how their thinking evolved. It also compares the significance of conservative liberalism in the discourses, policies, and politics of French and Italian political economy. In the case of France, the chapter examines the ideas and roles of Louis Rougier, Jacques Rueff, Maurice Allais, and Raymond Barre. It also discusses the Lippmann Colloquium in 1938; Rueff’s relations with Raymond Poincaré and Charles de Gaulle, especially in the period 1958–61; and the hard franc (franc fort) policy. The key texts of Rougier and Rueff are examined in detail. In the case of Italy, close attention is paid to the ideas and roles of Luigi Einaudi (including his connections to Wilhelm Röpke), Costantino Bresciani-Turroni, Luigi Sturzo, Guido Carli, and Francesco Forte; to the early post-war reconstruction; to Carli’s concept of the good and bad souls of Italy; and to external discipline (vincolo esterno) as a tool of economic policy. The chapter examines the stabilization traditions of France and Italy; the challenge posed by European economic and monetary union; and the deep hostility that emerged towards Ordo-liberalism in the wake of the euro area crisis after 2009.

Conservative Liberalism, Ordo-liberalism, and the State

This book uses extensive original archival and elite interview research to examine the attempt to rejuvenate liberalism as a means of disciplining democracy and the market through a new rule-based economic and political order. This rebirth took the form of conservative liberalism and, in its most developed form, Ordo-liberalism. It occurred against the historical background of the great transformational crisis of liberalism in the first part of the twentieth century. Conservative liberalism evolved as a cross-national phenomenon. It included such eminent and cultured liberal economists as James Buchanan, Frank Knight, Henry Simons, Ralph Hawtrey, Jacques Rueff, Luigi Einaudi, Walter Eucken, Friedrich Hayek, Alfred Müller-Armack, Wilhelm Röpke, Alexander Rüstow, and Paul van Zeeland, as well as leading lawyers like Louis Brandeis, Franz Böhm, and Maurice Hauriou. It also played a formative role in establishing new international networks, notably the Mont Pèlerin Society. The book investigates the rich intellectual inheritance of this variant of new liberalism from aristocratic liberalism, ethical philosophy, and religious thought. It also locates the social basis of conservative liberalism and Ordo-liberalism in the cultivated bourgeois intelligentsia. The book goes on to examine the attempts to embed this new disciplinary form of liberalism in Britain, France, Germany, Italy, and the United States, and to consider the determinants of its varying significance across space and over time. It concludes by assessing the historical significance and contemporary relevance of conservative liberalism and Ordo-liberalism as liberalism confronts a new transformational crisis at the beginning of the new millennium. Is their promise of disciplining democracy and the market a hollow one?

Luigi Einaudi, Federalista / Luigi Einaudi, Federalist

O texto analisa o pensamento de Luigi Einaudi sobre o tema do federalismo europeu, tanto do ponto de vista dos diversos escritos einaudianos sobre o assunto quanto do ponto de vista da tradição do pensamento federalista europeu. Abstract: This paper analyzes the thought of Luigi Einaudi on the subject of European federalism, both from the point of view of various einaudianos written on the subject and from the point of view of the tradition of European federalist thought.

Come un Ministro per la cultura

Elegant, lofty, charming, brilliant, bellicose, refined, capricious, superb, temerarious, vain. Giulio Einaudi is an oxymoron. From the extensive literature that has furthered our understanding of his figure, he emerges as the synthesis of divergent behaviours and contrasting inclinations. This oxymoron translates in the features of his publishing house, which integrates diachronicity and current affairs, tradition and newness, scientificity and militancy. The book deepens our knowledge of one of the most neglected aspects of Giulio Einaudi’s outstanding service towards Italian culture: namely his promotion of public libraries in the 1960s in Italy. Our starting point is the establishment of Dogliani’s civic library, dedicated to his father the President Luigi Einaudi. Setting out from this event – which we have retraced with a particular eye towards oral history – the book proposes to rethink the relationship between Einaudi’s view on library project and his cultural programme, which he expressed in the same years through an intense political campaign for the promotion of public access to reading.

Introduction to the Special Issue: The Game is the Message, Selected Articles from the 2018 International DIGRA Conference

The 2018 Digital Games Research Association International Conference (DIGRA 2018), The Game is the Message was held at the Campus Luigi Einaudi of Turin University, Italy, 25-28 July 2018. Since it was first held in 2003, the DiGRA International Conference series provides a venue for the presentation and discussion of games-related research from multiple and diverse research disciplines.

Corporativismo e autarchia in Gino Borgatta

In the first Italian industrial take-off between the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the economist Gino Borgatta, a pupil of Luigi Einaudi, was among the most convinced supporters of free trade policy. However, this attitude evolved during the thirties, when protectionism was presented by Borgatta as an instrument that, under certain conditions and within autarchic politics, could be profitably used to reach political as well as economic objectives. Similarly, corporatism was also presented as not necessarily limiting private initiative, demonstrating Borgatta’s attempt to reconcile his past as a supporter of free trade with his new role as consultant to the Fascist regime.

Il Corporativismo nell'Italia di Mussolini

Il volume raccoglie dieci saggi sul tema generale dell’ampliamento del governo pubblico dell’economia durante il corporativismo fascista. Alcuni scritti affrontano il problematico rapporto tra intellettuali (come Luigi Einaudi, Attilio Cabiati, Ugo Spirito, Nino Massimo Fovel) e dittatura mussoliniana. Altri saggi discutono criticamente le scelte di politica fiscale del periodo e i vari aspetti connessi alla riforma della finanza pubblica. Alcuni autori indagano poi sui rapporti tra diritto amministrativo e diritto corporativo, dedicando un commento puntuale alle due leggi del 1939 sulla tutela del paesaggio e dei beni artistici. Occupano un posto a sé all’interno del volume uno scritto sull’interscambio tra pensiero economico italiano e tedesco dal 1918 al 1945, e quello di cui è autore Sabino Cassese, che, partendo dai suoi numerosi studi, riflette sul senso generale della vicenda storica del fascismo.