2020 was an unprecedented year for Central America and the Dominican Republic. The effect of the global COVID-19 pandemic, exacerbated by the impact of Hurricanes Eta and Iota in some countries, caused the greatest economic contraction the region has undergone in its recent history - surpassing the debt crisis of the 1980s and the international financial crisis of 2009. In 2020, the IDB Group helped the countries in the region respond to these emergencies through approvals that exceeded US$ 4,900 million and disbursements of more than US$ 4,327 million, both reaching historical records. This report highlights the Groups main activities in Central America and the Dominican Republic in 2020 at the regional and country level.
Abstract
Background
Hospitalisations for Ambulatory Care Sensitive Conditions (ACSC) cause harm to users and to health systems, as these events are potentially avoidable. In 2009, Portugal was hit by an economic and financial crisis and in 2011 it resorted to foreign assistance (“Memorandum of Understanding” (2011–2014)). The aim of this study was to analyse the association between the Troika intervention and hospitalisations for ACSC.
Methods
We analysed inpatient data of all public NHS hospitals of mainland Portugal from 2007 to 2016, and identified hospitalisations for ACSC (pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hearth failure, hypertensive heart disease, urinary tract infections, diabetes), according to the AHRQ methodology. Rates of hospitalisations for ACSC, the rate of enrollment in the employment center and average monthly earnings were compared among the pre-crisis, crisis and post-crisis periods to see if there were differences. A Spearman’s correlation between socioeconomic variables and hospitalisations was performed.
Results
Among 8,160,762 admissions, 892,759 (10.94%) were classified as ACSC hospitalizations, for which 40% corresponded to pneumonia. The rates of total hospitalisations and hospitalisations for ACSC increased between 2007 and 2016, with the central and northern regions of the country presenting the highest rates. No correlations between socioeconomic variables and hospitalisation rates were found.
Conclusions
During the period of economic and financial crisis based on Troika’s intervention, there was an increase in potentially preventable hospitalisations in Portugal, with disparities between the municipalities. The high use of resources from ACSC hospitalisations and the consequences of the measures taken during the crisis are factors that health management must take into account.
Abstract
A new distribution map is provided for Phaeoisariopsis bataticola (Cif. & Bruner) M.B. Ellis. Host: sweet potato (Ipomoea spp.). Information is given on the geographical distribution in NORTH AMERICA, USA, Florida, CENTRAL AMERICA & WEST INDIES, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, SOUTH AMERICA, Venezuela.
Abstract
A new distribution map is provided for Heterobasidion irregulare Garbel. and Otrosina. Agaricomycetes: Russulales: Bondarzewiaceae. Hosts: Pinus spp. especially stone pine (P. pinea), Aleppo pine (P. halepensis) and red pine (P. resinosa). Information is given on the geographical distribution in Europe (Italy), North America (Canada, Ontario, Quebec, Mexico, USA, Alabama, California, Louisiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Oregon, South Carolina, Vermont, Washington and Wisconsin) and Central America and Caribbean (Cuba and Dominican Republic).
Abstract
A new distribution map is provided for Mycena citricolor (Berk. & Curt.) Sacc. Hosts: Coffee (Coffea spp.) and others. Information is given on the geographical distribution in NORTH AMERICA, Mexico, USA (Florida), CENTRAL AMERICA & WEST INDIES, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Martiniq, caragua, Panama, Puerto Rico, Salvador, Trinidad, SOUTH AMERICA, Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, French, Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Surinam, Venezuela.
Abstract
A new distribution map is provided for Cephalosporium sacchari[Gibberella fujikuroi var. subglutinans] Butler. Hosts: Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum). Information is given on the geographical distribution in AFRICA, Madagascar, Réunion, Rhodesia, South Africa, Uganda, ASIA, India, Pakistan, Philippines, CENTRAL AMERICA, WEST INDIES, Barbados, Dominican Republic, Guadeloupe, Trinidad, NORTH AMERICA, Mexico, SOUTH AMERICA, Argentina, Brazil, Colombia.
Abstract
A new distribution map is provided for Burkholderia glumae (Kurita & Tabei) Urakami et al. Proteobacteria: Burkholderiales. Hosts: rice (Oryza sativa). Information is given on the geographical distribution in Asia (Cambodia, China, Hainan, Japan, Korea Republic, Nepal, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Vietnam), Africa (Burkina Faso, Tanzania), North America (USA, Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Texas), Central America & Caribbean (Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Nicaragua, Panama), South America (Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela).
Abstract
A new distribution map is provided for Mocis repanda (Fabricius) Lepidoptera: Noctuidae. Attacks rice and pasture grasses, maize, millet, rice, sugarcane. Information is given on the geographical distribution in Central America and Caribbean, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, St. Thomas.
Economic and financial crisis based on Troika’s intervention and potentially avoidable hospitalizations: an ecological study in Portugal
