Background: The red ear syndrome represents a rare symptom complex consisting of auricular
erythema associated with painful and burning sensations. It has been described in combination
with tinnitus rarely. It has been hypothesized to be etiologically related to altered trigeminal afferent
input, temporomandibular disorders, and thalamic dysfunction.
Objectives: The initial objective of applying transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS) in a
case of red ear syndrome in combination with tinnitus was the alleviation of the phantom sounds.
Study Design: This is a case report on the successful treatment of red ear syndrome with tinnitus
by means of transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS) and a short review on the published cases
of this condition.
Setting: We present the case of a 50-year-old woman reporting a simultaneous onset of constant
left-sided tinnitus and feelings of warmth accompanied by an intermittent stabbing and/or
oppressive pain stretching from the ipsilateral ear to the head/neck/shoulder region, occasionally
accompanied by nausea/vomiting and dizziness. After failure of pharmacological treatment attempts,
either because of lacking clinical effects (gabapentin, zolmitriptan, and indomethacin) or because
of adverse reactions (pregabaline), the patient was offered an experimental neuromodulatory
treatment with bitemporal tRNS primarily targeting the tinnitus complaints of the patient.
Methods: tRNS was conducted in 2 – 3 day sessions (stimulation site: bilateral temporal
cortex/2.0 mA/10 s on-and-off-ramp/offset 0 mA/20 min/random frequencies 101 – 640Hz /
NeuroConn Eldith DC-Stimulator plus).
Results: In 3 consecutive pain attacks repeated sessions of tRNS resulted in substantial alleviation
of pain intensity and a prolongation of the interval between attacks. This was an expected finding
as the proposed tRNS treatment was initially offered to the patient aiming at an alleviation of the
tinnitus complaints (which remained unaffected by tRNS).
Limitations: The reported data derive from compassionate use treatment in one single patient.
Application of a sham condition would have been desirable, but is not possible in the context of
compassionate use treatment. Nevertheless, we would consider it rather unlikely that the reported
effects are purely unspecific as the patient did exclusively report symptom alleviation of pain-related
parameters without affecting the tinnitus.
Conclusions: This case report demonstrates the feasibility and therapeutic potential of applying
neuromodulatory treatment approaches in red ear syndrome, a rare form of trigemino-autonomal
headache. Therefore, it deserves detailed observation in clinical routine applications as well as
controlled trials further investigating its neurobiological effects.
Key words: Red ear syndrome, pain, trigemino-autonomal headache, chronic tinnitus,
transcranial electrical stimulation, random noise stimulation
Visual feedback of finger writing in a patient with sensory aphasia: a case report and theoretical considerations
