Effects of Head Orientation on Gaze Perception: How Positive Congruency Effects Can be Reversed

2008 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 491-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paola Ricciardelli ◽  
Jon Driver
Keyword(s):  
Time Pressure ◽  
Gaze Direction ◽  
Head Orientation ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Gaze Perception ◽  
Visible Part ◽  
The Face ◽  
Orientation Cues ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Eye Region

Several past studies have considered how perceived head orientation may be combined with perceived gaze direction in judging where someone else is attending. In three experiments we tested the impact of different sources of information by examining the role of head orientation in gaze-direction judgements when presenting: (a) the whole face; (b) the face with the nose masked; (c) just the eye region, removing all other head-orientation cues apart from some visible part of the nose; or (d) just the eyes, with all parts of the nose masked and no head orientation cues present other than those within the eyes themselves. We also varied time pressure on gaze direction judgements. The results showed that gaze judgements were not solely driven by the eye region. Gaze perception can also be affected by parts of the head and face, but in a manner that depends on the time constraints for gaze direction judgements. While “positive” congruency effects were found with time pressure (i.e., faster left/right judgements of seen gaze when the seen head deviated towards the same side as that gaze), the opposite applied without time pressure.

scholarly journals Perceptual integration of head and eye cues to gaze direction in schizophrenia

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (12) ◽  
pp. 180885 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin J. Palmer ◽  
Nathan Caruana ◽  
Colin W. G. Clifford ◽  
Kiley J. Seymour
Keyword(s):  
Computational Modelling ◽  
Contour Detection ◽  
Gaze Direction ◽  
Head Orientation ◽  
Head Region ◽  
Facial Cues ◽  
Sensory Features ◽  
The Face ◽  
Integrative Processing ◽  
Eye Region

The perceptual mechanisms that underlie social experience in schizophrenia are increasingly becoming a target of empirical research. In the context of low-level vision, there is evidence for a reduction in the integration of sensory features in schizophrenia (e.g. increased thresholds for contour detection and motion coherence). In the context of higher-level vision, comparable differences in the integration of sensory features of the face could in theory impair the recognition of important social cues. Here we examine how the sense of where other people are looking relies upon the integration of eye-region cues and head-region cues. Adults with schizophrenia viewed face images designed to elicit the ‘Wollaston illusion’, a perceptual phenomenon in which the perceived gaze direction associated with a given pair of eyes is modulated by the surrounding sensory context. We performed computational modelling of these psychophysical data to quantify individual differences in the use of facial cues to gaze direction. We find that adults with schizophrenia exhibit a robust perceptual effect whereby their sense of other people's direction of gaze is strongly biased by sensory cues relating to head orientation in addition to eye region information. These results indicate that the visual integration of facial cues to gaze direction in schizophrenia is intact, helping to constrain theories of reduced integrative processing in higher-level and lower-level vision. In addition, robust gaze processing was evident in the tested participants despite reduced performance on a theory of mind task designed to assess higher-level social cognition.

Visual cells in the temporal cortex sensitive to face view and gaze direction

1985 ◽  
Vol 223 (1232) ◽  
pp. 293-317 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Gaze ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Macaque Monkey ◽  
Gaze Direction ◽  
Head Orientation ◽  
Social Signals ◽  
Response Latencies ◽  
Visual Cells ◽  
The Face ◽  
Full Face

The direction of eye gaze and orientation of the face towards or away from another are important social signals for man and for macaque monkey. We have studied the effects of these signals in a region of the macaque temporal cortex where cells have been found to be responsive to the sight of faces. Of cells selectively responsive to the sight of the face or head but not to other objects (182 cells) 63% were sensitive to the orientation of the head. Different views of the head (full face, profile, back or top of the head, face rotated by 45° up to the ceiling or down to the floor) maximally activated different classes of cell. All classes of cell, however, remained active as the preferred view was rotated isomorphically or was changed in size or distance. Isomorphic rotation by 90–180° increased cell response latencies by 10–60 ms. Sensitivity to gaze direction was found for 64% of the cells tested that were tuned to head orientation. Eighteen cells most responsive to the full face preferred eye contact, while 18 cells tuned to the profile face preferred averted gaze. Sensitivity to gaze was thus compatible with, but could be independent of, sensitivity to head orientation. Results suggest that the recognition of one type of object may proceed via the independent high level analysis of several restricted views of the object (viewer-centred descriptions).

scholarly journals Trust in the Face of a Pandemic: In Search for a Common Ground

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 68-89
Author(s):  
Irina Tartakovskaya
Keyword(s):  
Common Ground ◽  
Interpersonal Relations ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
State Institutions ◽  
Scientific Discussion ◽  
Trust Relationships ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Official Sources ◽  
Second Wave

This article examines the impact of the new coronavirus pandemic on interpersonal trust relationships, as well as trust in government institutions and official sources of information. The empirical base for the study is comprised of “diaries of professionals” — 34 diaries which were kept by social science experts from March 25 to June 10 2020 (“first wave”), and then from the 20th to the 30th of September 2020 (“second wave”) — belonging to sociologists, philosophers, philologists, anthropologists, political scientists, historians, orientalists. Thus, a collection of thick descriptions was collected, representing a mix between a personal diary and research reflective autoethnography. Based on the review of the scientific discussion on the problem of trust, a significant conclusion is made about the contradictions between “trust” itself, which implies the possibility of choice and pertains mainly to interpersonal relations, and ‘confidence’ in social and state institutions, which implies much less agency of the subject of trust. It is concluded that the epidemic has greatly exacerbated the problem of lack of trust, noted in the context of the spread of “post-truth” and “fake news” at a global level, but especially noticeable in Russia, where this deficit significantly undermines the very possibility of basic solidarity. The authors of the diaries, as researchers, note that “comfortable” forms of a trust prevail in their social milieu, which creates some uncertain illusion of security. People tend to trust those who help maintain their identity and relieve fear, as well as their familiar “trusted” sources. However, many of them sense the diminished reliability of these “pillars of trust” in a new unpredictable situation.

Measuring Gaze Direction Perception Capability of Humans to Design Human Centered Communication Systems

2006 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomoko Imai ◽  
Dairoku Sekiguchi ◽  
Masahiko Inami ◽  
Naoki Kawakami ◽  
Susumu Tachi
Keyword(s):  
Communication Systems ◽  
Transmission Conditions ◽  
Gaze Direction ◽  
Individual Data ◽  
Stereoscopic Image ◽  
Gaze Perception ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Interpupillary Distance ◽  
Stereo Cameras ◽  
The Face

We describe experiments designed to measure gaze direction perception capability of humans under face-to-face and display mediated conditions. Gaze perception capability was determined by means of the absolute values of the pitch differences between a looker's actual regards and participants' judgments. We compared the capability under face-to-face, stereoscopic image, and monoscopic image conditions. On average, participants perceived the looker's gaze direction most accurately under the face-to-face condition. As expected, the accuracy under the stereoscopic image condition was higher than the results obtained under the monoscopic image condition. However, individual data did not follow the expected order and our exploratory experiments showed that participants with narrower interpupillary distance than the distance between two stereo cameras had difficulty in judging gaze directions. We also found that the perception of the pitch component of gaze direction is affected by gaze transmission methods but the yaw component is robust and is not affected by the transmission conditions.

Objects Capture Perceived Gaze Direction

2006 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janek S. Lobmaier ◽  
Martin H. Fischer ◽  
Adrian Schwaninger
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognition ◽  
Eye Gaze ◽  
Local Features ◽  
Gaze Direction ◽  
Head Orientation ◽  
Gaze Perception ◽  
Mouse Cursor ◽  
Fixation Points ◽  
Normal Adults

The interpretation of another person's eye gaze is a key element of social cognition. Previous research has established that this ability develops early in life and is influenced by the person's head orientation, as well as local features of the person's eyes. Here we show that the presence of objects in the attended space also has an impact on gaze interpretation. Eleven normal adults identified the fixation points of photographed faces with a mouse cursor. Their responses were systematically biased toward the locations of nearby objects. This capture of perceived gaze direction probably reflects the attribution of intentionality and has methodological implications for research on gaze perception.

scholarly journals Influence of head orientation on perceived gaze direction and eye-region information

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yumiko Otsuka ◽  
Colin W. G. Clifford
Keyword(s):  
Gaze Direction ◽  
Head Orientation ◽  
Region Information ◽  
Eye Region

Quantifying the Wollaston Illusion

Perception ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 588-599
Author(s):  
Heiko Hecht ◽  
Stefanie Siebrand ◽  
Sven Thönes
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Gaze Direction ◽  
Head Orientation ◽  
Facial Features ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
Eye Region ◽  
Royal Society Of London

In the early 19th century, William H. Wollaston impressed the Royal Society of London with engravings of portraits. He manipulated facial features, such as the nose, and thereby dramatically changed the perceived gaze direction, although the eye region with iris and eye socket had remained unaltered. This Wollaston illusion has been replicated numerous times but never with the original stimuli. We took the eyes (pupil and iris) from Wollaston’s most prominent engraving and measured their perceived gaze direction in an analog fashion. We then systematically added facial features (eye socket, eyebrows, nose, skull, and hair). These features had the power to divert perceived gaze direction by up to 20°, which confirms Wollaston’s phenomenal observation. The effect can be thought of as an attractor effect, that is, cues that indicate a slight change in head orientation have the power to divert perceived gaze direction.

John Keats and Indian Medicine

Romanticism ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-166
Author(s):  
Nikki Hessell
Keyword(s):  
Medical Knowledge ◽  
John Keats ◽  
Specific Response ◽  
Medical Studies ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Medical Practices ◽  
Traditional Medicines ◽  
Medical Imagery ◽  
Indian Medicine ◽  
The Impact

John Keats's medical studies at Guy's Hospital coincided with a boom in interest in both the traditional medicines of the sub-continent and the experiences of British doctors and patients in India. Despite extensive scholarship on the impact of Keats's medical knowledge on his poetry, little consideration has been given to Keats's exposure to Indian medicine. The poetry that followed his time at Guy's contains numerous references to the contemporary state of knowledge about India and its medical practices, both past and present. This essay focuses on Isabella and considers the major sources of information about Indian medicine in the Regency. It proposes that some of Keats's medical imagery might be read as a specific response to the debates about medicine in the sub-continent.

Particularities of the independent auditor's report on reliability of accounting (financial) statements for 2019: COVID-19 as qualitatively essential information (Part 2)

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (7) ◽  
pp. 777-799
Author(s):  
O.I. Shvyreva ◽  
Z.I. Kruglyak ◽  
A.V. Petukh
Keyword(s):  
Financial Reporting ◽  
Financial Statements ◽  
Economic Situation ◽  
Risk Disclosure ◽  
Essential Information ◽  
Logical Method ◽  
Annual Reporting ◽  
The Face ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
The Impact

Subject. This article discusses the issues related to the practice of financial reporting in the face of uncertainties caused by the coronavirus contagion, as well as the specifics of the audit strategy and formation of an audit opinion on this reporting. Objectives. The article aims to identify the quality characteristics of financial reporting prepared in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and justify the key aspects of assurance engagement completion in an extremely uncertain epidemiological and economic situation. Methods. For the study, we used an abstract-logical method, content analysis techniques, systematization, and classification. Results. Analyzing the impact of the extremely uncertain epidemiological and economic situation on financial statements, the article clarifies aspects of disclosure of events after the reporting date and threats to business continuity in the annual reporting of economic entities. The article identifies possible alternative procedures and algorithms to obtain proper evidence when it is insufficient in the face of the inability to meet certain audit standards requirements in a remote audit environment. The article defines the impact of COVID-19 risk disclosure on the structure of the audit report and opinion. Relevance. The results of the study can be used in the practical activities of economic entities that prepare financial statements in the face of significant uncertainty, as well as auditors and audit organizations.

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