Deficits in Verbal Long-Term Memory and Learning in Children with Poor Phonological Short-Term Memory Skills

2008 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 474-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan E. Gathercole ◽  
Josie Briscoe ◽  
Annabel Thorn ◽  
Claire Tiffany ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Information ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Memory Function ◽  
Verbal Material ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Memory And Learning ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Memory Group

Possible links between phonological short-term memory and both longer term memory and learning in 8-year-old children were investigated in this study. Performance on a range of tests of long-term memory and learning was compared for a group of 16 children with poor phonological short-term memory skills and a comparison group of children of the same age with matched nonverbal reasoning abilities but memory scores in the average range. The low-phonological-memory group were impaired on longer term memory and learning tasks that taxed memory for arbitrary verbal material such as names and nonwords. However, the two groups performed at comparable levels on tasks requiring the retention of visuo-spatial information and of meaningful material and at carrying out prospective memory tasks in which the children were asked to carry out actions at a future point in time. The results are consistent with the view that poor short-term memory function impairs the longer term retention and ease of learning of novel verbal material.

Acute Exercise and Sustained Attention on Memory Function

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 326-332
Author(s):  
Audreaiona Waters ◽  
Liye Zou ◽  
Myungjin Jung ◽  
Qian Yu ◽  
Jingyuan Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Sustained Attention ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Memory Function ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Attention Task ◽  
Term Memory

Objective: Sustained attention is critical for various activities of daily living, including engaging in health-enhancing behaviors and inhibition of health compromising behaviors. Sustained attention activates neural networks involved in episodic memory function, a critical cognition for healthy living. Acute exercise has been shown to activate these same neural networks. Thus, it is plausible that engaging in a sustained attention task and engaging in a bout of acute exercise may have an additive effect in enhancing memory function, which was the purpose of this experiment. Methods: 23 young adults (Mage = 20.7 years) completed 2 visits, with each visit occurring approximately 24 hours apart, in a counterbalanced order, including: (1) acute exercise with sustained attention, and (2) sustained attention only. Memory was assessed using a word-list paradigm and included a short- and long-term memory assessment. Sustained attention was induced via a sustained attention to response task (SART). Acute exercise involved a 15-minute bout of moderate-intensity exercise. Results: Short-term memory performance was significantly greater than long-term memory, Mdiff = 1.86, p < .001, and short-term memory for Exercise with Sustained Attention was significantly greater than short-term memory for Sustained Attention Only, Mdiff = 1.50, p = .01. Conclusion: Engaging in an acute bout of exercise before a sustained attention task additively influenced short-term memory function.

Shared long-term and short-term memory representational formats in occipital and parietal cortex

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vy A. Vo ◽  
David W. Sutterer ◽  
Joshua J. Foster ◽  
Thomas C. Sprague ◽  
Edward Awh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parietal Cortex ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Memory Systems ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Sensory Evoked

AbstractCurrent theories propose that the short-term retention of information in working memory (WM) and the recall of information from long-term memory (LTM) are supported by overlapping neural mechanisms in occipital and parietal cortex. Both are thought to rely on reinstating patterns of sensory activity evoked by the perception of the remembered item. However, the extent of the shared representations between WM and LTM are unclear, and it is unknown how WM and LTM representations may differ across cortical regions. We designed a spatial memory task that allowed us to directly compare the representations of remembered spatial information in WM and LTM. Critically, we carefully matched the precision of behavioral responses in these tasks. We used fMRI and multivariate pattern analyses to examine representations in (1) retinotopic cortex and (2) lateral parietal cortex (LPC) regions previously implicated in LTM. We show that visual memories were represented in a sensory-like code in both tasks across retinotopic regions in occipital and parietal cortex. LPC regions also encoded remembered locations in both WM and LTM, but in a format that differed from the sensory-evoked activity. These results suggest a striking correspondence in the format of WM and LTM representations across occipital and parietal cortex. On the other hand, we show that activity patterns in nearly all parietal regions, but not occipital regions, contained information that could discriminate between WM trials and LTM trials. Our data provide new evidence for theories of memory systems and the representation of mnemonic content.

Memory While Shadowing

1969 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald A. Norman
Keyword(s):  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Verbal Material ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory

Subjects were asked to repeat verbally (shadow) English words which were presented to one ear. They were then tested for their memory of two-digit numbers which were presented to their other ear. It is demonstrated that subjects have no memory for these digits if they must continue to shadow for 20 sec. before being tested on their memory for the digits. However, if tested immediately after the digit presentation, they do remember some digits. Hence, verbal material presented on non-attended channels gets into a short-term memory, but is not transferred into long-term memory.

EFFECT OF AEROBIC EXERCISE ON SHORT-AND LONG-TERM MEMORY IN ADULT MALE WISTAR RATS

2020 ◽  
pp. 15-18
Author(s):  
SOPHIE YOLANDA ◽  
GUSTI CANDRA PAMUNGKAS ◽  
TRINOVITA ANDRAINI ◽  
DEWI IRAWATI SOERIA SANTOSO ◽  
SUHARTI BINTI SIDIK ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Memory Function ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Male Wistar Rats

Objective: Memory is an essential function of cognition in humans, but an age- and disease-related deterioration of this function is common. The currently known treatments have high failure rates, and thus, the slowing down of memory degeneration at an early age is the preferred preventive approach. Exercise, specifically aerobic exercise, has been proven to enhance memory via various pathways, such as neurogenesis, angiogenesis, and growth factor expression. The aim of this study is to assess the effect of aerobic exercise on short-term and long-term memory function in rats. Methods: Twenty-four male Wistar rats aged 7 mo were randomly distributed into four groups: Control, short-term memory (C-S); Control, long-term memory (C-L); Aerobic, short-term memory (A-S); and Aerobic, long-term memory (A-L). The aerobic groups received exercise treatment for 30 min each five times per week, at a treadmill speed of 20 m/min. The treatment duration was 8 w. Short-term memory was assessed using the forced alteration Y-maze test, and long-term memory was assessed using the object location task. Results: The findings showed that rats placed under the aerobic exercise regimen had significantly better long-term memory function at the end of 8 w (p = 0.006), while no significant difference was observed in short-term memory function between the aerobic exercise group and the control group. Conclusion: The present study shows that aerobic exercise is beneficial in improving long-term memory function in rats.

scholarly journals Experimental effects of acute exercise on forgetting

2020 ◽  
Vol 107 (3) ◽  
pp. 359-375
Author(s):  
D.C. Moore ◽  
S. Ryu ◽  
P.D. Loprinzi
Keyword(s):  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Memory Function ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Short And Long Term

AbstractObjectivePrior research has evaluated the effects of acute exercise on episodic memory function. These studies have, on occasion, demonstrated that acute exercise may enhance both short- and long-term memory. It is uncertain as to whether the acute exercise improvements in long-term memory are a result of acute exercise attenuating declines in long-term memory, or rather, are driven by the enhancement effects of acute exercise on short-term memory. The present empirical study evaluates whether the decline from short- to long-term is influenced by acute exercise. This relationship is plausible as exercise has been shown to activate neurophysiological pathways (e.g., RAC1) that are involved in the mechanisms of forgetting.MethodsTo evaluate the effects of acute exercise on forgetting, we used data from 12 of our laboratory's prior experiments (N = 538). Across these 12 experiments, acute exercise ranged from 10 to 15 mins in duration (moderate-to-vigorous intensity). Episodic memory was assessed from word-list or paragraph-based assessments. Short-term memory was assessed immediately after encoding, with long-term memory assessed approximately 20-min later. Forgetting was calculated as the difference in short- and long-term memory performance.ResultsAcute exercise (vs. seated control) was not associated with an attenuated forgetting effect (d = 0.10; 95% CI: −0.04, 0.25, P = 0.17). We observed no evidence of a significant moderation effect (Q = 6.16, df = 17, P = 0.17, I2 = 0.00) for any of the evaluated parameters, including study design, exercise intensity and delay period.ConclusionAcross our 12 experimental studies, acute exercise was not associated with an attenuated forgetting effect. We discuss these implications for future research that evaluates the effects of acute exercise on long-term memory function.

scholarly journals Chunking and redintegration in verbal short-term memory

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis Graham Norris ◽  
Kristjan Kalm
Keyword(s):  
Data Compression ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Memory Capacity ◽  
Verbal Material ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Simple Extension ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Recall Data

Memory for verbal material improves when words form familiar chunks. But how does theimprovement due to chunking come about? Two possible explanations are that the inputmight be actively recoded into chunks, each of which takes up less memory capacity thanitems not forming part of a chunk (a form of data compression), or that chunking is basedon redintegration. If chunking is achieved by redintegration, representations of chunks existonly in long-term memory and help to reconstructing degraded traces in short-termmemory. In six experiments using two-alternative forced choice recognition and immediateserial recall, we find that when chunks are small (two words) they display a patternsuggestive of redintegration, while larger chunks (three words), show a pattern consistentwith data compression. This is concurs with previous data showing that there is a costinvolved in recoding material into chunks in short-term memory. With smaller chunks thiscost seems to outweigh the benefits of recoding words into chunks. The main features ofthe serial recall data can be captured by a simple extension to the Primacy model of Pageand Norris (1998).

Short-term visual memory

1983 ◽  
Vol 302 (1110) ◽  
pp. 295-309 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Memory ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Mental Arithmetic ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Position Effects ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Short Term Visual Memory

Serial position effects in visual memory are presented as evidence for a short-term memory for visuo-spatial information that is not plausibly explained in terms of either verbal or sensory representations. This is called visualization, and is distinguished from long-term visual memory. Cases of head injury are reported in which long-term memory is affected but not visualization. In contrast with this, mental arithmetic interferes with visualization but not with long-term memory. Further studies are reported that throw doubt on the earlier explanation of this interference in terms of competition for a central executive or strategic coordinator. The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to a proposal for classifying the main kinds of information represented in higher visuo-spatial cognition.

Conceptual short-term memory (CSTM) supports core claims of Christiansen and Chater

2016 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary C. Potter
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Rapid Serial Visual Presentation ◽  
Language Comprehension ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Visual Presentation ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Use Of Knowledge

AbstractRapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) of words or pictured scenes provides evidence for a large-capacity conceptual short-term memory (CSTM) that momentarily provides rich associated material from long-term memory, permitting rapid chunking (Potter 1993; 2009; 2012). In perception of scenes as well as language comprehension, we make use of knowledge that briefly exceeds the supposed limits of working memory.

Comparison of Auditory, Language, Memory, and Attention Abilities in Children With and Without Listening Difficulties

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 710-727
Author(s):  
Beula M. Magimairaj ◽  
Naveen K. Nagaraj ◽  
Alexander V. Sergeev ◽  
Natalie J. Benafield
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Processing ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Memory And Attention ◽  
Speed And Accuracy

Objectives School-age children with and without parent-reported listening difficulties (LiD) were compared on auditory processing, language, memory, and attention abilities. The objective was to extend what is known so far in the literature about children with LiD by using multiple measures and selective novel measures across the above areas. Design Twenty-six children who were reported by their parents as having LiD and 26 age-matched typically developing children completed clinical tests of auditory processing and multiple measures of language, attention, and memory. All children had normal-range pure-tone hearing thresholds bilaterally. Group differences were examined. Results In addition to significantly poorer speech-perception-in-noise scores, children with LiD had reduced speed and accuracy of word retrieval from long-term memory, poorer short-term memory, sentence recall, and inferencing ability. Statistically significant group differences were of moderate effect size; however, standard test scores of children with LiD were not clinically poor. No statistically significant group differences were observed in attention, working memory capacity, vocabulary, and nonverbal IQ. Conclusions Mild signal-to-noise ratio loss, as reflected by the group mean of children with LiD, supported the children's functional listening problems. In addition, children's relative weakness in select areas of language performance, short-term memory, and long-term memory lexical retrieval speed and accuracy added to previous research on evidence-based areas that need to be evaluated in children with LiD who almost always have heterogenous profiles. Importantly, the functional difficulties faced by children with LiD in relation to their test results indicated, to some extent, that commonly used assessments may not be adequately capturing the children's listening challenges. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.12808607

scholarly journals An Approach toward the Development of a Functional Encoding Model of Short Term Memory during Reading

1978 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-148
Author(s):  
Mary Anne Herndon
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Storage Capacity ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Processing Efficiency ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Information Unit ◽  
Subsequent Storage

In a model of the functioning of short term memory, the encoding of information for subsequent storage in long term memory is simulated. In the encoding process, semantically equivalent paragraphs are detected for recombination into a macro information unit. This recombination process can be used to relieve the limited storage capacity constraint of short term memory and subsequently increase processing efficiency. The results of the simulation give a favorable indication of the success for the use of cluster analysis as a tool to simulate the encoding function in the detection of semantically similar paragraphs.

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