Participation of African member states in the World Trade Organisation (WTO) multilateral trading system

Maximizing the benefits of international division of labor and sharing the achievements of innovative development is possible only with the existence of a strict system of rules and regulations. Such system would enable fair regulation of international trade, ensure the transparency of market access and make it possible to challenge discriminatory measures, as well as to maintain certain measures to protect the interests of domestic producers. The creation of the multilateral trading system has started with the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and was subsequently developed in the documents and codes, the decisions of the negotiating rounds. Since 1995, a set of rules of the World Trade Organization (WTO) became the basis of the multilateral trading system. All rules are worked out at the multilateral level. However, in recent years the negotiations within the WTO has slowed down, that affected the quality and speed of decision-making on key issues of global development. That provokes the discussion it on a certain crisis of the WTO as the main regulator of world trade, and therefore the need to provide both institutional and substantive reforms.

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Prospects for global trade in 2020-24

Emerald Expert Briefings ◽

10.1108/oxan-db249251 ◽

2019 ◽

Keyword(s):

World Trade ◽

Job Creation ◽

Value Chains ◽

Global Trade ◽

Trading System ◽

Content Type ◽

China Trade ◽

The Us ◽

Multilateral Trading System ◽

The World

Subject Prospects for global trade in 2020-24. Significance US-China competition and a ‘populist backlash’ against trade in advanced nations are intensifying fears that the world is entering de-globalisation. World trade volumes are expected to grow modestly in 2019 and 2020, while the US-China trade conflict roils the multilateral trading system and global value chains, harming investment and job creation.

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India—Certain Measures Relating to Solar Cells and Solar Modules

The American Journal of International Law ◽

10.1017/ajil.2017.7 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 111 (1) ◽

pp. 139-147 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Sherzod Shadikhodjaev

Keyword(s):

Renewable Energy ◽

World Trade ◽

Environmental Policies ◽

Energy Market ◽

Trading System ◽

Appellate Body ◽

Multilateral Trading System ◽

The World ◽

International Obligations ◽

Compliance Issue

In a proceeding that challenged the domestic content requirements (DCRs) of India's solar energy program, the Appellate Body of the World Trade Organization (WTO) upheld the panel determination that the Indian government's measures violated its international obligations. The decision offers new insights into certain exceptions for environmental policies under the multilateral trading system and elaborates on the relevance of other international legal regimes to the compliance issue under WTO law. Further, it has the potential to increase export opportunities of many countries in the Indian renewable energy market.

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A rodada do uruguai e o meio ambiente: o florescimento da tutela jurídica ambiental no sistema multilateral de comércio / The Uruguay Round and the Environment: the blooming of the environmental protection in the multilateral trading system

Revista Brasileira de Direito ◽

10.18256/2238-0604.2017.v13i3.1650 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 295

Author(s):

Arno Dal Ri Júnior ◽

Mariana Clara De Andrade

Keyword(s):

World Trade Organization ◽

Environmental Protection ◽

World Trade ◽

Uruguay Round ◽

Environmental Law ◽

Trading System ◽

International Environmental Law ◽

Multilateral Trading System ◽

The World ◽

The Multilateral Trading System

ResumoO presente artigo aborda as negociações internacionais relativas à tutela ambiental no sistema multilateral de comércio no período que compreende o fim da Rodada de Tóquio (1979) até o fim da Rodada do Uruguai (1994) e a instituição da Organização Mundial do Comércio. Para tanto, analisa-se brevemente as mudanças surgidas no cenário do Direito Internacional Ambiental no ínterim situado entre as duas rodadas referidas para que se contextualize os impactos dos eventos ocorridos no período, particularmente com os adventos da Conferência de Estocolmo (1972) e a Rio-92 (1992). A partir disso, são analisados documentos das negociações do grupo GATT relevantes a questões ambientais, com o objetivo de se verificar o desenvolvimento institucional e normativo ocorrido durante o período citado, com enfoque particular na Rodada do Uruguai. Verifica-se a forte influência dos acontecimentos entre as décadas de 1970 e 1990 no cenário internacional e, particularmente, no sistema multilateral de comércio, culminando com a inclusão da preocupação com o desenvolvimento sustentável no preâmbulo do Acordo Constitutivo da OMC, em 1994.Palavras-chaveGATT; Rodada do Uruguai; Meio Ambiente; Sistema Multilateral de Comércio; Direito Internacional Ambiental. AbstractThe present article studies the international negotiations related to the environmental protection in the multilateral trading system, in the period comprised from the end of the Tokyo Round (1979) to the end of the Uruguay Round and the institution of the World Trade Organization (1994). In order to do so, it describes briefly the changes emerged in the context of International Environmental Law during the interim between the two rounds, so as to expose the impacts of the events that occurred in this period, especially those brought about by the advent of the Stockholm Conference (1972) and the Rio-92 (1992). Afterwards, this work analyses the documents concerning environmental matters produced in the negotiations of the GATT group in the period post-1972, with the aim of verifying the institutional and legal development of the system during the aforementioned interlude, with particular attention to the Uruguay Round. From this perspective, it can be observed the strong influence of the events that took place from 1970 to 1990 in the international scenario and, particularly, in the multilateral trading system, culminating with the assertion of the concern with sustainable development in the Preamble of the Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, in 1994. KeywordsGATT; Uruguay Round; Environment; Multilateral Trading System; International Environmental Law.

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Regionalism and the Multilateral Trading System

Geopolitics and Strategic Management in the Global Economy - Advances in Business Strategy and Competitive Advantage ◽

10.4018/978-1-5225-2673-5.ch001 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 1-18

Author(s):

James P. Murphy ◽

Carolan McLarney

Keyword(s):

World Trade ◽

Trade Agreements ◽

Regional Trade Agreements ◽

Regional Trade ◽

Trading System ◽

Trade Area ◽

The Us ◽

Multilateral Trading System ◽

The World ◽

The Multilateral Trading System

Regionalism and the Multilateral Trading System: The Role of Regional Trade Agreements is a discussion about the new reality and the evolution of the reduction of international barriers to freer trade under the World Trade Organization (WTO) formerly the General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT). The chapter devotes time to the two largest regional trade agreements (RTAs), the European Union (EU) with 28 countries and North American Trading Agreement (NAFTA) with three countries account for half of all world trade (WTO, 2017a). The US set a course post World War II as the proponent of globalization and freer trade. RTAs at that time were failing or inconsequential. In response to the EU trading block, the US committed to a (Free Trade Area) FTA with Canada and subsequently the NAFTA with Canada and Mexico the rest of the world began to become concerned about being shut out of a preferential trade deal. The main theme of the chapter is that trade liberalization is moving forward because of Regional Trading agreements, not the WTO which is stalled and may never restart in its current form.

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Linkage Disputes and the Enduring Quest for Legitimacy

International Adjudication on Trial ◽

10.1093/oso/9780198788966.003.0006 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 91-103

Author(s):

Sivan Shlomo Agon

Keyword(s):

World Trade Organization ◽

World Trade ◽

Goal Attainment ◽

Dispute Settlement ◽

Institutional Context ◽

Trading System ◽

Trade Offs ◽

Multilateral Trading System ◽

The World ◽

Dispute Settlement System

This chapter sets the scene for the analysis of the Dispute Settlement System (DSS) operation and goal-attainment efforts in ‘linkage’ (or ‘trade-and’) disputes, the dispute category at the centre of Part II. As the chapter explains, linkage disputes have long subjected the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the DSS to intense legitimacy challenges; they thus form an instructive site for examining how the systemic challenges raised in such cases shape DSS goal-attainment efforts, motivate shifts and trade-offs between its goals, and, in consequence, affect DSS effectiveness in realizing its manifold objectives. The chapter first clarifies the notion of legitimacy as employed here, and situates the story of linkage disputes in the broader historical and institutional context of the multilateral trading system. It then unpacks the various legitimacy challenges encapsulated in linkage disputes while highlighting the shifts these challenges seem to generate between DSS goals, engaging the system in a heightened quest after its legitimization objectives.

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Limitations of the effects of a patent

Unified Patent Protection in Europe: A Commentary ◽

10.1093/oso/9780198755463.003.0068 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Jan Busche

Keyword(s):

Member State ◽

World Trade ◽

World Trade Organisation ◽

Industrial Property ◽

International Union ◽

Member States ◽

Land Vehicles ◽

Patented Invention ◽

The World

The use of the patented invention in the construction or operation of aircraft or land vehicles or other means of transport of countries of the International Union for the Protection of Industrial Property (Paris Union) or members of the World Trade Organisation, other than those Contracting Member States in which that patent has effect, or of accessories to such aircraft or land vehicles, when these temporarily or accidentally enter the territory of a Contracting Member State in which that patent has effect;

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Introduction to the Symposium Issue on Structural Issues at the World Trade Organisation

World Trade Review ◽

10.1017/s1474745614000494 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 1-5

Author(s):

JOSEPH FRANCOIS ◽

BERNARD HOEKMAN

Keyword(s):

International Development ◽

World Trade Organisation ◽

International Affairs ◽

George Washington ◽

Trading System ◽

Seventh Framework Programme ◽

Multilateral Trading System ◽

The World ◽

The Uk ◽

Washington University

The papers in this Symposium issue complement two other compilations of research on the multilateral trading system published in Evenett and Hoekman (2006) and Hoekman and Vines (2007) and are a final output of the UK Department for International Development supported Global Trade and Financial Architecture project. The genesis of this Symposium was a CEPR workshop hosted by the OECD in March 2012 with support from DG Research (grant: PEGGED Collaborative Projects under the EU's Seventh Framework Programme, Contract no. SSH-CT-2008-217559). Draft papers were presented at a conference at the Elliott School of International Affairs, George Washington University, hosted by Michael Moore in April 2013. We are very grateful to Frank van Tongeren at the OECD and Mike Moore at the Elliott School for their support of the meetings, to Michelle Chester and Rebecca Martin at the World Bank for help with logistics, to the participants in both events, especially the discussants, and to Alan Winters and an anonymous referee for comments on the submitted papers.

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Breakthrough at Bali? Explanations, Aftermath, Implications

International Negotiation ◽

10.1163/15718069-12341331 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 21 (2) ◽

pp. 209-232 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Amrita Narlikar ◽

Diana Tussie

Keyword(s):

World Trade ◽

Trading System ◽

Development Agenda ◽

Multilateral Trading System ◽

The World ◽

History Of ◽

Institutional Innovations ◽

The Multilateral Trading System

The World Trade Organization’s (wto) Ministerial Conference at Bali in December 2013 seemed to have marked a landmark moment in the history of the negotiations of the Doha Development Agenda (dda). This article begins with a brief analysis of why theddahas been quagmired in deadlocks and become the longest running trade round in the history of the multilateral trading system. It then discusses the significance of what was achieved at the Bali Ministerial in light of repeated failures and particularly from the perspective of the world’s poorest countries. It explains why and how breakthroughs were achieved and highlights several important institutional innovations. Lastly, it discusses how sustainable these innovations might be.

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