scholarly journals Dynamic behavior of GFP–CLIP-170 reveals fast protein turnover on microtubule plus ends

2008 ◽  
Vol 180 (4) ◽  
pp. 729-737 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharina A. Dragestein ◽  
Wiggert A. van Cappellen ◽  
Jeffrey van Haren ◽  
George D. Tsibidis ◽  
Anna Akhmanova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Migration ◽  
Cell Division ◽  
Cell Polarity ◽  
Protein Turnover ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
High Affinity ◽  
Division Cell ◽  
Turn Over ◽  
Rate Limiting

Microtubule (MT) plus end–tracking proteins (+TIPs) specifically recognize the ends of growing MTs. +TIPs are involved in diverse cellular processes such as cell division, cell migration, and cell polarity. Although +TIP tracking is important for these processes, the mechanisms underlying plus end specificity of mammalian +TIPs are not completely understood. Cytoplasmic linker protein 170 (CLIP-170), the prototype +TIP, was proposed to bind to MT ends with high affinity, possibly by copolymerization with tubulin, and to dissociate seconds later. However, using fluorescence-based approaches, we show that two +TIPs, CLIP-170 and end-binding protein 3 (EB3), turn over rapidly on MT ends. Diffusion of CLIP-170 and EB3 appears to be rate limiting for their binding to MT plus ends. We also report that the ends of growing MTs contain a surplus of sites to which CLIP-170 binds with relatively low affinity. We propose that the observed loss of fluorescent +TIPs at plus ends does not reflect the behavior of single molecules but is a result of overall structural changes of the MT end.

Atypical Rho GTPases RhoD and Rif integrate cytoskeletal dynamics and membrane trafficking

2014 ◽  
Vol 395 (5) ◽  
pp. 477-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pontus Aspenström
Keyword(s):  
Cell Migration ◽  
Cell Division ◽  
Membrane Trafficking ◽  
Rho Gtpases ◽  
Intracellular Transport ◽  
Cell Contraction ◽  
Cell Behaviour ◽  
Master Regulators ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Cytoskeletal Dynamics

Abstract The Rho GTPases are essential regulators of basic cellular processes, including cell migration, cell contraction and cell division. Most studies still involve just the three canonical members, RhoA, Rac1 and Cdc42, although the Rho GTPases comprise at least 20 members. The aim of this review is to highlight some of the recent advances in our knowledge regarding the less-studied Rho members, with the focus on RhoD and Rif. The phenotypic alterations to cell behaviour that are triggered by RhoD and Rif suggest that they have unique impacts on cytoskeletal dynamics that distinguish them from the well-studied members of the Rho GTPases. In addition, RhoD has a role in the regulation of intracellular transport of vesicles. Taken together, the available data indicate that RhoD and Rif have functions as master regulators in the integration of cytoskeletal reorganisation and membrane trafficking.

Cell Polarity and Migration: Emerging Role for the Endosomal Sorting Machinery

Physiology ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 171-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viola Hélène Lobert ◽  
Harald Stenmark
Keyword(s):  
Cell Migration ◽  
Cell Division ◽  
Cell Polarity ◽  
Tumor Suppressors ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Endosomal Sorting ◽  
Escrt Machinery ◽  
Viral Budding ◽  
And Migration

The endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) machinery has been implicated in the regulation of endosomal sorting, cell division, viral budding, autophagy, and cell signaling. Here, we review recent evidence that implicates ESCRTs in cell polarity and cell migration, and discuss the potential role of ESCRTs as tumor suppressors.

scholarly journals Polarity sets the stage for cytokinesis

2012 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heidi Hehnly ◽  
Stephen Doxsey
Keyword(s):  
Cell Migration ◽  
Cell Division ◽  
Cell Polarity ◽  
Membrane Trafficking ◽  
Cell Separation ◽  
Cell Polarization ◽  
Separation Step ◽  
Canonical Pathways

Cell polarity is important for a number of processes, from chemotaxis to embryogenesis. Recent studies suggest a new role for polarity in the orchestration of events during the final cell separation step of cell division called abscission. Abscission shares several features with cell polarization, including rearrangement of phosphatidylinositols, reorganization of microtubules, and trafficking of exocyst-associated membranes. Here we focus on how the canonical pathways for cell polarization and cell migration may play a role in spatiotemporal membrane trafficking events required for the final stages of cytokinesis.

scholarly journals Cdc42 localization and cell polarity depend on membrane traffic

2010 ◽  
Vol 191 (7) ◽  
pp. 1261-1269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naël Osmani ◽  
Florent Peglion ◽  
Philippe Chavrier ◽  
Sandrine Etienne-Manneville
Keyword(s):  
Cell Migration ◽  
Cell Polarity ◽  
Membrane Trafficking ◽  
Membrane Traffic ◽  
Leading Edge ◽  
Cell Polarization ◽  
Membrane Dynamics ◽  
Cell Functions ◽  
Directed Cell Migration ◽  
Division Cell

Cell polarity is essential for cell division, cell differentiation, and most differentiated cell functions including cell migration. The small G protein Cdc42 controls cell polarity in a wide variety of cellular contexts. Although restricted localization of active Cdc42 seems to be important for its distinct functions, mechanisms responsible for the concentration of active Cdc42 at precise cortical sites are not fully understood. In this study, we show that during directed cell migration, Cdc42 accumulation at the cell leading edge relies on membrane traffic. Cdc42 and its exchange factor βPIX localize to intracytosplasmic vesicles. Inhibition of Arf6-dependent membrane trafficking alters the dynamics of Cdc42-positive vesicles and abolishes the polarized recruitment of Cdc42 and βPIX to the leading edge. Furthermore, we show that Arf6-dependent membrane dynamics is also required for polarized recruitment of Rac and the Par6–aPKC polarity complex and for cell polarization. Our results demonstrate influence of membrane dynamics on the localization and activation of Cdc42 and consequently on directed cell migration.

Cell polarity and asymmetric cell division: the C. elegans early embryo

2012 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Noatynska ◽  
Monica Gotta
Keyword(s):  
Cell Migration ◽  
Cell Division ◽  
Cell Polarity ◽  
Asymmetric Cell Division ◽  
Early Embryo ◽  
Animal Cells ◽  
Par Proteins ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Lethal Mutations ◽  
Tissue Organization

Cell polarity is crucial for many functions including cell migration, tissue organization and asymmetric cell division. In animal cells, cell polarity is controlled by the highly conserved PAR (PARtitioning defective) proteins. par genes have been identified in Caenorhabditis elegans in screens for maternal lethal mutations that disrupt cytoplasmic partitioning and asymmetric division. Although PAR proteins were identified more than 20 years ago, our understanding on how they regulate polarity and how they are regulated is still incomplete. In this chapter we review our knowledge of the processes of cell polarity establishment and maintenance, and asymmetric cell division in the early C. elegans embryo. We discuss recent findings that highlight new players in cell polarity and/or reveal the molecular details on how PAR proteins regulate polarity processes.

EGL-27 is similar to a metastasis-associated factor and controls cell polarity and cell migration in C. elegans

Development ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 126 (5) ◽  
pp. 1055-1064 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.A. Herman ◽  
Q. Ch'ng ◽  
S.M. Hettenbach ◽  
T.M. Ratliff ◽  
C. Kenyon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Migration ◽  
Cell Division ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Cell Polarity ◽  
Wnt Pathway ◽  
Hox Gene ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Metastatic Cells ◽  
Mosaic Analysis ◽  
Wnt Pathways

Mutations in the C. elegans gene egl-27 cause defects in cell polarity and cell migration: the polarity of the asymmetric T cell division is disrupted and the descendants of the migratory QL neuroblast migrate incorrectly because they fail to express the Hox gene mab-5. Both of these processes are known to be controlled by Wnt pathways. Mosaic analysis indicates that egl-27 function is required in the T cell for proper cell polarity. We cloned egl-27 and discovered that a domain of the predicted EGL-27 protein has similarity to Mta1, a mammalian factor overexpressed in metastatic cells. Overlaps in the phenotypes of egl-27 and Wnt pathway mutants suggest that the EGL-27 protein interacts with Wnt signaling pathways in C. elegans.

scholarly journals Strength Through Unity: The Power of the Mega-Scaffold MACF1

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Cusseddu ◽  
Amélie Robert ◽  
Jean-François Côté
Keyword(s):  
Cell Migration ◽  
Cell Polarity ◽  
Tissue Homeostasis ◽  
Actin Microfilaments ◽  
Large Protein ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Support Cell ◽  
Dynamic Events ◽  
Multiple Domains ◽  
Cytoskeletal Dynamic

The tight coordination of diverse cytoskeleton elements is required to support several dynamic cellular processes involved in development and tissue homeostasis. The spectraplakin-family of proteins are composed of multiple domains that provide versatility to connect different components of the cytoskeleton, including the actin microfilaments, microtubules and intermediates filaments. Spectraplakins act as orchestrators of precise cytoskeletal dynamic events. In this review, we focus on the prototypical spectraplakin MACF1, a protein scaffold of more than 700 kDa that coordinates the crosstalk between actin microfilaments and microtubules to support cell-cell connections, cell polarity, vesicular transport, proliferation, and cell migration. We will review over two decades of research aimed at understanding the molecular, physiological and pathological roles of MACF1, with a focus on its roles in developmental and cancer. A deeper understanding of MACF1 is currently limited by technical challenges associated to the study of such a large protein and we discuss ideas to advance the field.

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