scholarly journals THE CATABOLISM OF HOMOLOGOUS AND HETEROLOGOUS 7S GAMMA GLOBULIN FRAGMENTS

1965 ◽  
Vol 121 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans L. Spiegelberg ◽  
William O. Weigle
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Structure ◽  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Prophylactic Treatment ◽  
Gamma Globulin ◽  
Tubular Reabsorption ◽  
The Other ◽  
Prolonged Incubation ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Papain Digestion

The catabolism of homologous and heterologous 7S gamma globulin fragments obtained by pepsin and papain digestion was studied in rabbits, guinea pigs, and mice. The elimination from the circulation of I* labeled gamma globulin fragments was followed and the urinary excretion of the total and protein-bound I* activity determined. Evidence is presented that the molecular structure responsible for the catabolism of 7S gamma globulin is located in papain fragment III. The elimination of papain fragment III was slow and closely related to the intact gamma globulin, whereas the pepsin fragment and papain fragments I and II were rapidly eliminated and catabolized in all species examined. Prolonged incubation with cysteine altered papain fragment III as shown by a rapid catabolism of a large portion of incubated fragment III within 24 hours after injection. Small amounts of intact RGG and RGG papain fragment III were excreted as protein-bound I* activity in the urine. On the other hand, large amounts of the pepsin fragment and papain fragments I and II of RGG were excreted as protein-bound I* activity in the urine. The possibility of a molecular structure present in papain fragment III, which may be responsible for tubular reabsorption in the kidney, is discussed. The rate of urinary excretion of fragments obtained from RGG was different from that of fragments obtained from gamma globulin of several other species. In general, small amounts of the pepsin fragment and papain fragment III obtained from gamma globulin other than RGG were excreted as protein-bound I* activity. The amounts of fragment I* excreted as protein-bound I* activity depended on the species in which it was injected, as well as the source of the gamma globulin. The rapid catabolism of the pepsin fragment and papain fragments I or II which bear antibody-combining sites suggest that their use for the prophylactic treatment of tetanus and diphtheria in man is limited.

Activity of Plasmin and Streptokinase-Activator on Substituted Arginine and Lysine Esters

1966 ◽  
Vol 16 (01/02) ◽  
pp. 018-031 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Sherry ◽  
Norma Alkjaersig ◽  
A. P Fletcher
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Structure ◽  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Comparative Studies ◽  
Esterase Activity ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Hydrolytic Activity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand

SummaryComparative studies have been made of the esterase activity of plasmin and the streptokinase-activator of plasminogen on a variety of substituted arginine and lysine esters. Human plasmin preparations derived by different methods of activation (spontaneous in glycerol, trypsin, streptokinase (SK) and urokinase) are similar in their esterase activity; this suggests that the molecular structure required for such esterase activity is similar for all of these human plasmins. Bovine plasmin, on the other hand, differs from human plasmin in its activity on several of the substrates studied (e.g., the methyl esters of benzoyl arginine and tosyl, acetyl and carbobenzoxy lysine), a finding which supports the view that molecular differences exist between the two animal plasmins. The streptokinase-activator hydrolyzes both arginine and lysine esters but the ratios of hydrolytic activity are distinct from those of plasmin and of other activators of plasminogen. The use of benzoyl arginine methyl ester as a substrate for the measurement of the esterase activity of the streptokinase-activator is described.

scholarly journals A SOLUBLE ANTIGEN OF LYMPHOCYTIC CHORIOMENINGITIS

1940 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 389-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Smadel ◽  
M. J. Wall
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Soluble Antigen ◽  
Soluble Substance ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Times

Anti-soluble substance antibodies and neutralizing substances, which develop following infection with the virus of lymphocytic choriomeningitis, appear to be separate entities. The times of appearance and regression of the two antibodies are different in both man and the guinea pig; the antisoluble substance antibodies appear earlier and remain a shorter time. Moreover, mice develop them but no demonstrable neutralizing substances. Injection of formalin-treated, virus-free extracts containing considerable amounts of soluble antigen fails to elicit anti-soluble substance antibodies and to induce immunity in normal guinea pigs; administration of such preparations to immune pigs, however, is followed by a marked increase in the titer of anti-soluble substance antibodies in their serum. On the other hand, suspensions of formolized washed virus are effective in normal guinea pigs in stimulating both anti-soluble substance antibodies and protective substances, and in inducing immunity to infection.

scholarly journals THE PATHOLOGIC EFFECTS OF STREPTOCOCCI FROM CASES OF POLIOMYELITIS AND OTHER SOURCES

1917 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 557-580 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carroll G. Bull
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
The Other ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Histological Changes ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain

Streptococci cultivated from the tonsils of thirty-two cases of poliomyelitis were used to inoculate various laboratory animals. In no case was a condition induced resembling poliomyelitis clinically or pathologically in guinea pigs, dogs, cats, rabbits, or monkeys. On the other hand, a considerable percentage of the rabbits and a smaller percentage of some of the other animals developed lesions due to streptococci. These lesions consisted of meningitis, meningo-encephalitis, abscess of the brain, arthritis, tenosynovitis, myositis, abscess of the kidney, endocarditis, pericarditis, and neuritis. No distinction in the character or frequency of the lesions could be determined between the streptococci derived from poliomyelitic patients and from other sources. Streptococci isolated from the poliomyelitic brain and spinal cord of monkeys which succumbed to inoculation with the filtered virus failed to induce in monkeys any paralysis or the characteristic histological changes of poliomyelitis. These streptococci are regarded as secondary bacterial invaders of the nervous organs. Monkeys which have recovered from infection with streptococci derived from cases of poliomyelitis are not protected from infection with the filtered virus, and their blood does not neutralize the filtered virus in vitro. We have failed to detect any etiologic or pathologic relationship between streptococci and epidemic poliomyelitis in man or true experimental poliomyelitis in the monkey.

scholarly journals A SOLUBLE ANTIGEN OF LYMPHOCYTIC CHORIOMENINGITIS

1940 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Smadel ◽  
M. J. Wall ◽  
R. D. Baird
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis ◽  
Immune Serum ◽  
Splenic Tissue ◽  
The Other ◽  
Soluble Antigen ◽  
Precipitin Reaction ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Protein Nature

The soluble antigen of lymphocytic choriomeningitis which is readily separable from the virus is a relatively stable substance and appears to be of a protein nature. A specific precipitin reaction can be demonstrated when immune serum is added to solutions of antigen which have been freed of certain serologically inactive substances. The complement-fixation and precipitation reactions which occur in the presence of immune serum and non-infectious extracts of splenic tissue obtained from guinea pigs moribund with lymphocytic choriomeningitis seem to be manifestations of union of the same soluble antigen and its antibody. On the other hand, the antisoluble substance antibodies and neutralizing substances appear to be different entities.

scholarly journals MICROSCOPIC IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE OF GLOMERULI IN CHRONIC NEPHROTOXIC SERUM NEPHRITIS

1965 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 350-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. BOSS
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Pattern ◽  
Gamma Globulin ◽  
Basement Membranes ◽  
The Other ◽  
Nephrotoxic Serum Nephritis ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Chronic Nephritis

The microscopic immunofluorescence of the glomeruli differs in acute and chronic nephrotoxic serum nephritis in the distribution pattern of the injected nephrotoxic globulin and the host's gamma globulin. In acute nephritis specific glomerular fluorescence, denoting fixation of nephrotoxic and recipient's gamma globulin, is sharply limited to regular, thin and delicate lines corresponding to the capillary basement membranes. On the other hand, specific glomerular fluorescence in chronic nephritis appears as irregular, broad and tortuous loops consisting of coarse, partially coalescing specks of differing brightness. This difference is possibly related to the profound alterations in chronic nephritis resulting in reconstruction of the glomerular architecture.

99mTc-Aprotinin: Comparison with 99mTc-DMSA in Normal and Diseased Kidneys

1984 ◽  
Vol 22 (01) ◽  
pp. 22-26
Author(s):  
R. Saponaro ◽  
G. Villa ◽  
F. Lunghi ◽  
C. Aprile
Keyword(s):  
Renal Function ◽  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Kidney Failure ◽  
Clearance Rate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Blood Clearance ◽  
Liver Uptake ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Failure Correlation

SummaryAprotinin (A) and DMSA labelled with 99mTc were compared in patients with normal (NK, n = 12) and diseased kidneys (CRF, n = 13) by means of quantitative serial scans and measurements of blood clearance and urinary excretion. Serial scans only were obtained in additional 13 patients. Scan quality in the NK patients was essentially equal: faster blood clearances, reduced urinary excretions and higher fixations of A in the target compensated for the increased liver uptake. On the other hand, the scan quality in the CRF patients was definitely superior with A, allowing detection of residual functioning parenchyma also in severe kidney failure. Correlation between the net kidney uptake 6 hrs p.i. and the separate hippuran clearance rate was better with A than with DMSA, indicating the feasibility of A in evaluating relative renal function.

Chronicle

1934 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 224-227
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
The Other ◽  
Subsequent Infection ◽  
Other Hand

The All-Ukrainian Bacteriological Institute is developing with successful results the question of protective vaccinations against typhus. A number of experiments performed on guinea pigs showed that guinea pig infected with typhus passerine virus and having suffered the disease is immune to subsequent infection with the blood of a typhus-typhoid patient. On the other hand, guinea pig infected with the blood of a typhoid patient and having survived the disease appears immune to infection with the guinea pig passage virus.

scholarly journals ETIOLOGY OF YELLOW FEVER

1919 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hideyo Noguchi
Keyword(s):  
Yellow Fever ◽  
Experimental Infection ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
The Other ◽  
Febrile Reaction ◽  
Infection Experiment ◽  
Fatal Infection ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Immunity Reaction ◽  
Highly Virulent

The majority of guinea pigs inoculated with the blood of yellow fever patients escaped a fatal infection. There were a number of instances in which the inoculation of yellow fever blood induced in these animals a temporary febrile reaction on the 4th or 5th day, followed in some cases by slight jaundice, but with a rapid return to normal. Most of these guinea pigs when later inoculated with an organ emulsion of a passage strain of Leptospira icteroides resisted the infection. On the other hand, the animals which had previously been inoculated with the blood of malaria patients or normal guinea pigs died of the typical experimental infection after being inoculated with the infectious organ emulsion. It appears from the results just described that a number of nonfatal, mild, or abortive infections follow the inoculation of blood of yellow fever patients into guinea pigs. The fact that such animals manifested refractoriness to a subsequent attempt to infect with a highly virulent passage strain of Leptospira icteroides is an indication, judging from the reciprocal immunity reaction, that they actually passed through an infection with the same organism, or a strain closely related to it, as that which was used for the second infection experiment

scholarly journals THE EFFECTS OF CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE AND ITS UROPROTECTIVE AGENTS, MESNA AND HYPERBARIC OXYGEN, ON URINARY BLADDER MOTILITY IN GUINEA PIGS

1999 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 451-460
Author(s):  
Ö. ETLÝK ◽  
V. SAÐMANLIGÝL ◽  
Ý. PÝÞKÝN ◽  
A. Tomur
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Bladder ◽  
Hyperbaric Oxygen ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
The Other ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Group 5 ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Cyclophosphamide Administration

The aim of this research was to observe the effects of cyclophosphamide and its uroprotective agents, mesna and hyperbaric oxygen (HBO), on the motility of urinary bladder muscle in guinea pigs. In the experimental groups, mesna and cyclophosphamide were intraperitoneally injected at a dose of 21.5 mg/kg and 68.1 mg/kg, respectively. For the combination of mesna and cyclophosphamide, one dose of mesna was injected 20 min before cyclophosphamide administration and three additional injections of mesna were repeated every three hours. A total of 8 HBO exposures were performed at 2.8 ATA for 90 min twice daily for another experimental group. In the HBO and cyclophosphamide combined group 5 HBO exposures were given prophylactically before cyclophosphamide. The combination of mesna, HBO and cyclophosphamide was administered by the same procedure. The contractions obtained in response to acetylcholine (ACh, 10–4M) in the control group were reduced using cyclophosphamide and HBO individually, but not by mesna. However, the contractions belonging to the various combinations of these three agents were not different from those seen in the control group. On the other hand, the combinations of cyclophosphamide, mesna and HBO showed higher responses to ACh than the groups in which cyclophosphamide and HBO were used individually, while the responses elicited by the cyclophosphamide and HBO combination were greater than those seen in the group treated with HBO only.

ADRENAL AND URINARY CORTICOSTEROIDS IN TERMINAL HEPATIC FAILURE

1962 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Ofstad ◽  
K. F. Støa ◽  
R. Emberland
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Hepatic Failure ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
The Other ◽  
Hepatic Insufficiency ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Made In

ABSTRACT Determinations of aldosterone (11β,21-dihydroxy-3,20-dioxo-pregn-4-en-18-al), and 17-hydroxycorticosteroids in the urine and adrenals of a patient dying from hepatic insufficiency were made. In spite of an abnormally high terminal concentration in the urine of aldosterone extractable at pH 1.5, the adrenal aldosterone content was found to be on the same level as in that of three normal subjects. The urinary excretion of 17-hydroxycorticosteroids was below the normal range, the fraction extractable at pH 7 being somewhat elevated, the glucuronide fraction, on the other hand, being comparatively low.

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