Current state of the art of protein therapy

The subject of my lecture is the doctrine of the nonspecific treatment of infectious and other diseases, which, under the name Proteinkrpertherapie, currently combines a number of long-known therapeutic methods, such as: vaccine therapy, serotherapy, organotherapy, as well as those departments of pharmacotherapy where the current principles are various substances of a protein nature.

Biological Activity of the Tenebrionidae Beetle Antioxidant Complex in a Murine Neurotoxic Model of Parkinson's Disease

We have previously shown that the aqueous extract of the Ulomoides dermestoides darking beetle (the Tenebrionidae family) biomass contains a powerful complex of antioxidant substances of protein and non-protein nature. Considering the crucial role of ROS in the development of neurodegeneration, we set out to test the biological activity of this extract in a mouse neurotoxic model of Parkinson's disease. The beetle extracts were administrated continuously with food and their effects on parkinsonism caused by twice injected defoliant paraquat to experimental mice was evaluated. The motor activity of the animals was analyzed in behavioral tests using a rotarod and a vertical pole. The number of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunopositive neurons in the ventral part of the substantia nigra of the midbrains of experimental and control mice was studied by immunohistochemistry. In the model in vitro system with SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma, the effect of the extracts on cell proliferation was examined in the absence and presence of the neurotoxin MPP+. The isolation of biologically active substances from raw biomass using cavitation effects made it possible to obtain extracts with protective properties in the model of an early stage of Parkinson's disease used in this study.

Impact of Supplanting of Flour with Mushroom Powder on Nutritional Composition and Sensory Attributes of Cookies

Carbohydrate & Protein Malnutrition is broadly perceived as, significant medical issue in the world due to cereal-based dietary examples. The protein nature of the cereal-based diet can be improved by fortification. Edible mushrooms are rich in protein, carbohydrate, minerals, other nutritive compounds. Fortification of mushroom in cookies helps improve cookies quality alongside fulfill nutrition demand. Powdered Mushrooms are one of these sources that have incredible potential. This paper surveys the impact of Button and Oyster mushroom powder on the rheological, physicochemical, textural and quality attributes of the cookies item. Mushrooms were cleaned in normal water and whitened with steam for 7 min, then sliced it for uniform size, dried the sliced mushrooms in a microwave oven at 55 °C, 120 min. Then transfer it powder form. Fortified 15% of mushroom powder improves baking period quality, cookies shape, protein, carbohydrate & nutrition value. Fortification range of up to 20% was tolerating in bakery products. Contingent upon the wholesome and tactile outcomes, it very well may be rea stoned that 15% mushroom strengthened with flour is worthy quality and it healthful better over locally accessible flours. The discoveries of the current investigation will be useful individuals experiencing a lack of healthy sustenance and other degenerative illnesses. Further, an expansion was noticed sure repulsive consequences for practically all quality parameters of the cookies which could decreased by the expansion of different modifiers and added substances so as get fantastic quality treats. That impact makes protein and Carbohydrate rich cookies later on.

Understanding the impact of moderate-intensity pulsed electric fields (MIPEF) on structural and functional characteristics of pea, rice and gluten concentrates

Aim The effect of moderate-intensity pulsed electric fields (MIPEF) was evaluated on vegetable protein concentrates from pea, rice, and gluten. Methods Five percent (w/w) suspensions of protein concentrates (pH 5 and 6) were exposed to up to 60,000 MIPEF pulses at 1.65 kV/cm. Both structural modifications (absorbance at 280 nm, free sulfhydryl groups, FT-IR-spectra) and functional properties (solubility, water and oil holding capacity, foamability) were analyzed. Results MIPEF was able to modify protein structure by inducing unfolding, intramolecular rearrangement, and formation of aggregates. However, these effects were strongly dependent on protein nature and pH. In the case of rice and pea samples, structural changes were associated with negligible modifications in functional properties. By contrast, noticeable changes in these properties were observed for gluten samples, especially after exposure to 20,000 pulses. In particular, at pH 6, an increase in water and oil holding capacity of gluten was detected, while at pH 5, its solubility almost doubled. Conclusion These results suggest the potential of MIPEF to steer structure of proteins and enhance their technological functionality.

Induction of plants resistance to influence of abiotic stressors by exogenous brassinosteroids

Brassinosteroids (BS) are the class of plant polyhydroxysteroids structurally related to steroid hormones of vertebrates and insects. They play a key role in the maintaining of normal plant growth both under the optimal conditions and under the influence of unfavorable environmental factors. BS bind to specific receptors and mediate their action through the cascade of signal transduction, which ultimately entails the change in the expression of thousands of nuclear genes involved in the regulation of various functions of the plant organism. In addition to specific proteins, universal signaling mediators of non-protein nature, such as calcium ions, reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide (NO), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), as well as components of lipid signaling, are involved in the transduction of BS signals. BS exert the protective effect on plants under the influence of unfavorable factors of various natures – hypo- and hyperthermia, drought, salinity, heavy metals, etc. The wide range of BS effects is probably associated with their ability to regulate the expression of key genes involved in the ensuring of plant resistance: genes encoding the transcription factors MYB/MYC, genes of family of proteins WRKY and COR, dehydrins, heat shock proteins, cytoskeletal proteins, and antioxidant enzymes. The functioning of these genes determines the implementation of plant adaptation programs to stressors of various natures. Also, the change in the BS content in plants causes the change in their hormonal status in general. The review analyzes the data on the specific protective effects of BS and genes regulated by them, involved in adaptation to certain stress factors, summarizes the information on the physiological effects of new synthetic conjugates of BS with other phytohormones, in particular with salicylic acid. It is noted that the modification of signaling pathway of BS can be one of the strategic directions for solving the problem of adaptation of cultivated plants.

Anti-drug antibodies anti-trastuzumab in the treatment of breast cancer

Introduction Trastuzumab is a monoclonal antibody which could induce the activation of a humoral immune response generating anti-drug antibodies (ADAs). Such response depends of the protein nature and the route of administration (intravenous or subcutaneous). The formation of these antibodies could block the action of trastuzumab (ADA-Tras) and forming immune complexes which decrease its efficacy, so it would be interesting to determine the presence of ADA-Tras in patients treated with trastuzumab. Material and methods The blood samples were centrifuged to separate the plasma. The presence of ADA-Tras in plasma was determined using an ELISA-type automated immunoassay. Results Fifty-one women with non-metastatic HER2-positive breast cancer treated with trastuzumab were included. Two groups were studied: patients treated intravenously and subcutaneously. In neither case was there any presence of ADA-Tras. Discussion This study may be the first ever conducted under usual clinical practice conditions to detect the presence of ADA-Tras in patients with non-metastatic HER2-positive breast cancer. We have wanted to show the antibodies anti-trastuzumab determination as a possible tool that would enable comparison of potential differences in immunogenic behavior between trastuzumab and its biosimilars.

On Protein Preferential Solvation in Water:Glycerol Mixtures

For proteins in solvent mixtures, the relative abundances of each solvent in their solvation shell have a critical impact on their properties. Preferential solvation of a series of proteins in water-glycerol mixtures is studied here over a broad range of solvent compositions via classical molecular dynamics simulations. Our simulation results reveal that the differences between shell and bulk compositions exhibit dramatic changes with solvent composition, temperature and protein nature. In contrast with the simple and widely used picture where glycerol is completely excluded from the protein interface, we show that for aqueous solutions with less than 50% glycerol in volume, protein solvation shells have approximately the same composition as the bulk solvent and proteins are in direct contact with glycerol. We further demonstrate that at high glycerol concentration, glycerol depletion from the solvation shell is largely due to an entropic factor arising from the reduced accessibility of bulky glycerol molecules in protein cavities. The resulting molecular picture is important to understand protein activity and cryopreservation in mixed aqueous solvents.<br>

On Protein Preferential Solvation in Water:Glycerol Mixtures

For proteins in solvent mixtures, the relative abundances of each solvent in their solvation shell have a critical impact on their properties. Preferential solvation of a series of proteins in water-glycerol mixtures is studied here over a broad range of solvent compositions via classical molecular dynamics simulations. Our simulation results reveal that the differences between shell and bulk compositions exhibit dramatic changes with solvent composition, temperature and protein nature. In contrast with the simple and widely used picture where glycerol is completely excluded from the protein interface, we show that for aqueous solutions with less than 50% glycerol in volume, protein solvation shells have approximately the same composition as the bulk solvent and proteins are in direct contact with glycerol. We further demonstrate that at high glycerol concentration, glycerol depletion from the solvation shell is largely due to an entropic factor arising from the reduced accessibility of bulky glycerol molecules in protein cavities. The resulting molecular picture is important to understand protein activity and cryopreservation in mixed aqueous solvents.<br>