Activity of Plasmin and Streptokinase-Activator on Substituted Arginine and Lysine Esters

1966 ◽  
Vol 16 (01/02) ◽  
pp. 018-031 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Sherry ◽  
Norma Alkjaersig ◽  
A. P Fletcher
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Structure ◽  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Comparative Studies ◽  
Esterase Activity ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Hydrolytic Activity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand

SummaryComparative studies have been made of the esterase activity of plasmin and the streptokinase-activator of plasminogen on a variety of substituted arginine and lysine esters. Human plasmin preparations derived by different methods of activation (spontaneous in glycerol, trypsin, streptokinase (SK) and urokinase) are similar in their esterase activity; this suggests that the molecular structure required for such esterase activity is similar for all of these human plasmins. Bovine plasmin, on the other hand, differs from human plasmin in its activity on several of the substrates studied (e.g., the methyl esters of benzoyl arginine and tosyl, acetyl and carbobenzoxy lysine), a finding which supports the view that molecular differences exist between the two animal plasmins. The streptokinase-activator hydrolyzes both arginine and lysine esters but the ratios of hydrolytic activity are distinct from those of plasmin and of other activators of plasminogen. The use of benzoyl arginine methyl ester as a substrate for the measurement of the esterase activity of the streptokinase-activator is described.

Synthesen von Heterocyclen, CCIV1 Reaktionen mit cyclischen Oxalylverbindungen, XIX2 Eine einfache Synthese von 5-Benzoyl-6-phenyl-1.3-dioxin-4-onen / Syntheses of Heterocycles, CCIV1 Reactions of Cyclic Oxalyl Compounds, XIX 2 A Simple Synthesis of 5 Benzoyl-6-phenyl-1,3-dioxin-4-ones

1977 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 701-704 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gert Kollenz ◽  
Erich Ziegler ◽  
Walter Ott ◽  
Gert Kriwetz
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Acrylic Acid ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
The Other ◽  
Simple Synthesis ◽  
Acid Methyl ◽  
Other Hand

4-Benzoyl-5-phenyl-2,3-dihydrofuran-2,3-dione (1) reacts with aldehydes or ketones via the acylketene-intermediate (2) yielding the 1,3-dioxin-4-ones (3). The aldehyde derivatives (3 a-e) can be converted into the anilino-chalcone (5) or the anilino acrylic acid (6) by treating with aniline at 20 °C. 6 and diazomethane combine to the acrylic acid methyl ester (7), which by heating (200 °C) is cyclisized to the quinolin-4-ole (8). On the other hand, the keto derivatives 3f-h and aniline give the dibenzoyl acetic acid anilide (9).

scholarly journals Comparative studies of the specificities of α-chymotrypsin and subtilisin BPN′. Studies with flexible and ‘locked’ substrates

1972 ◽  
Vol 126 (3) ◽  
pp. 659-665 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. N. Pattabiraman ◽  
W. B. Lawson
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Carbon Atom ◽  
Binding Site ◽  
Comparative Studies ◽  
Detrimental Effect ◽  
Optically Active ◽  
The Other ◽  
Optical Isomers ◽  
Polar Groups ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

Subtilisin BPN′ hydrolysed N-acetyl-l-3-(2-naphthyl)-alanine methyl ester, N-acetyl-l-leucine methyl ester and N-acetyl-l-valine methyl ester, faster than α-chymotrypsin. Of eight ‘locked’ substrates tested, only methyl 5,6-benzindan-2-carboxylate was hydrolysed faster by subtilisin, whereas the other esters were better substrates for chymotrypsin. Compared with the values for chymotrypsin, the stereospecific ratios during the hydrolysis of the optically active locked substrates by subtilisin were decreased by one and two orders of magnitude for bi- and tri-cyclic substrates respectively. The polar groups adjacent to the α-carbon atom of locked substrates did not contribute significantly to the reactivity of the more active optical isomers, but had a detrimental effect on the less active antipodes during hydrolysis by both the enzymes. These studies show that the binding site of subtilisin BPN′ is longer and broader than that of α-chymotrypsin.

scholarly journals UNDERSTANDING OF UZBEK AND KOREAN AUXILIARY VERBS

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yeon SANGHEUM ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Studies ◽  
The Other ◽  
Contrast Study ◽  
Auxiliary Verbs ◽  
Corpus Construction ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Sentence Construction ◽  
Auxiliary Verb ◽  
Structural Aspects

Uzbek and Korean are characterized by agglutination. When comparing and contrasting the two languages, we can find quite a few similarities in the conjugation of verbs, especially auxiliary verbs, where the characteristics of the agglutinating language are most prominent. In the use of auxiliary verbs, the two languages ​​are similar in semantically as well as in simple structural aspects, and there are many cases where the same meaning is expressed using the auxiliary verb. On the other hand, there are differences as well, but there is still a lack of comparative studies between the two languages ​​on the corresponding grammar item. In addition, errors in the most common and widely used Google translator can also be found. Although there were no major problems in conveying simple meanings, sentence construction using auxiliary verbs was not performed properly. By briefly introducing these problems, it was found that the necessity for contrast study and corpus construction between the two languages was required.

COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF IMMUNOGENIC PROPERTIES OF TRYPANOSOMA BRUCEI INACTIVATED WITH β-PROPIOLACTONE AND WITH SOME OTHER INACTIVATING AGENTS

1967 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 743-747 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Soltys
Keyword(s):  
Trypanosoma Brucei ◽  
Comparative Studies ◽  
The Other ◽  
Passive Immunity ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Homologous Strain ◽  
Protective Antibodies ◽  
Immunogenic Properties ◽  
Young Mice

Success in immunizing animals with dead trypanosomes depends on both the method of inactivating trypanosomes and the strain used for immunization. Comparative studies with various inactivating agents showed that β-propio-lactone and formalin are superior to phenol, heat at 56 °C, and lysis in distilled water. A vaccine containing Trypanosoma brucei with frequent passages through mice and not exposed to antibodies could elicit in animals protective antibodies and resistance to a challenge with a homologous strain. Passive immunity was shown in young mice born of vaccinated mothers. On the other hand, no active or passive immunity was demonstrated when animals were immunized with a vaccine prepared from a variant of T. brucei after passage through rabbits or sheep.

LYTIC ENZYMES OF SORANGIUM SP.: A COMPARISON OF THE PROTEOLYTIC PROPERTIES OF THE α- AND β-LYTIC PROTEASES

1965 ◽  
Vol 43 (12) ◽  
pp. 1961-1970 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. Whitaker ◽  
C. Roy ◽  
C. S. Tsai ◽  
L. Jurášek
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Esterase Activity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Carboxyl Group ◽  
Lytic Enzymes ◽  
Amidase Activity ◽  
A Chain ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

The proteolytic properties of the α- and β-lytic proteases of a species of Sorangium were compared. Neither enzyme showed evidence of aminopeptidase, carboxypeptidase, or amidase activity in tests with a series of peptides and substituted amino acids at pH 5.2, 7.2, and 9.0. Neither enzyme showed evidence of esterase activity towards N-benzoyl-L-arginine methyl ester at pH 6.8. Hydrolysis of the A chain of oxidized insulin at pH 9 slows down markedly when the α-enzyme has cleaved the chain once; the initial fast cleavage can take place at linkages between residues 9 and 10, 10 and 11, and 12 and 13; more slowly cleaved linkages are between residues 3 and 4, and 8 and 9. Hydrolysis of the B chain by the α-enzyme at pH 9 is still faster and slows down when the chain has been cleaved twice. One fast cleavage is at the linkage between residues 18 and 19; the other can take place at the linkages between residues 12 and 13, and 14 and 15; more slowly cleaved linkages are between residues 8 and 9, 9 and 10, and 15 and 16. Under the conditions tested, the β-enzyme does not hydrolyze the A chain appreciably at pH 9. It cleaves the B chain rapidly at the linkage between residues 23 and 24 and more slowly at linkages between residues 18 and 19. The linkages split by both enzymes are those which involve the carboxyl group of a neutral amino acid.

STEROIDS AND RELATED PRODUCTS: XIX. THE SYNTHESIS OF 3,9,12,20-TETRAOXYGENATED 9,12-seco STEROIDS. PART III. 11-AZA STEROIDS. PART I

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (11) ◽  
pp. 2153-2162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ch. R. Engel ◽  
S. Rakhit
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Ethylene Glycol ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Good Yield ◽  
Boron Trifluoride ◽  
Osmium Tetroxide ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Boron Trifluoride Etherate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand

The smooth conversion of 3β-acetoxy-5α-pregnane-12,20-dione (IV), readily available from hecogenin (I), to Δ9(11)-3β,20β-diacetoxy-5α-pregnan-12-one (VIII) is reported. Ozonolysis of this product in ethyl acetate gave, in almost 90% yield, 3β-hydroxy-20β-acetoxy-9-oxo-9,12-seco-11-nor-5α-pregnan-12-oic acid (XI), further characterized by its ester derivatives XIa and XIb. The conversion of the seco acid XI to Δ8(9)-3β-hydroxy-20β-acetoxy-9-amino-9,12-seco-11-nor-5α-pregnen-12-oic acid lactam (12 → 9) (XII) and thence to Δ8(9)-N-acetyl-3β,20β-diacetoxy-11-aza-5α-pregnene (XIVa), the first 11-aza steroids to be known, is described. On the other hand, Δ9(11)-3β,20β-diacetoxy-5α-pregnen-12-one (VIII) is readily transformed to the 9α,11α-glycol VII with osmium tetroxide and thence, with periodic acid, to 3β,9α-dihydroxy-20β-acetoxy-11-oxo-11,12-seco-5α-pregnan-12-oic acid (X), characterized as the methyl ester Xa and diacetoxy methyl ester Xb, and easily converted to the acetoxy hydroxy keto dicarboxylic seco acid XIII. In the course of this work it is shown that, whereas ketalization of the saturated 12,20-diketone IV with ethylene glycol and boron trifluoride etherate gives a good yield of the 12-monoketal (in accordance with the reports of the literature), treatment of the analogous 16-unsaturated 12,20-diketone with the same reagents under the same conditions leads not to ketal formation but to addition of ethylene glycol in position 16.

Social Mobility among Businessmen in a Taiwanese Town

1962 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 327-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfram Eberhard
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Social Mobility ◽  
Comparative Studies ◽  
Census Data ◽  
The Other ◽  
Detailed Data ◽  
Other Hand

One of the weaknesses of comparative studies of the development of an entrepreneurial class is the lack of detailed data. Often such studies make use of census data which indicate the growth of this class in general but fail to show clearly the origins of new entrepreneurs. Available case studies, on the other hand, do not cover enough ground thus precluding generalizations.

Hot, Humid Air Partially Decreases the Response to Nasal Challenge with Antigen

1995 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 241-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Jankowski ◽  
Anne Kagey-Sobotka ◽  
David Proud ◽  
Lawrence M. Liechtenstein ◽  
Fuad M. Baroody ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Allergic Rhinitis ◽  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Esterase Activity ◽  
Indoor Environment ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Early Response ◽  
The Other ◽  
Nasal Challenge ◽  
Humid Environment ◽  
Temperature And Humidity

Allergic rhinitis affects individuals in multiple environmental settings. We hypothesized that the environmental conditions of temperature and humidity had no effect on the early response to nasal challenge with antigen. To test this hypothesis, we selected 16 subjects with allergic rhinitis and challenged them intranasally with either ragweed or grass antigen after they were acclimatized for 1 hour in an environmental chamber to the following conditions: 4°C and 30% relative humidity (RH) (cold and dry environment), 22°C and 50% RH (normal indoor environment), and 37°C and 90% RH (hot and humid environment). The subjects remained in the chamber and were challenged with three increasing doses of antigen. Their response was measured by counting the number of sneezes and measuring the levels of histamine, N-alpha-tosyl-L-arginine methyl ester (TAME)-esterase activity, albumin, and lacto ferrin in recovered nasal lavage fluids. The levels of TAME-esterase activity and albumin were significantly less during exposure to hot, humid conditions compared to normal or cold, dry environments. The other parameters were also less, although they did not reach statistical significance. We conclude that the temperature and humidity of inspired air affect the immediate allergic response. The mechanism for this reduction needs to be elucidated.

scholarly journals THE CATABOLISM OF HOMOLOGOUS AND HETEROLOGOUS 7S GAMMA GLOBULIN FRAGMENTS

1965 ◽  
Vol 121 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans L. Spiegelberg ◽  
William O. Weigle
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Structure ◽  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Prophylactic Treatment ◽  
Gamma Globulin ◽  
Tubular Reabsorption ◽  
The Other ◽  
Prolonged Incubation ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Papain Digestion

The catabolism of homologous and heterologous 7S gamma globulin fragments obtained by pepsin and papain digestion was studied in rabbits, guinea pigs, and mice. The elimination from the circulation of I* labeled gamma globulin fragments was followed and the urinary excretion of the total and protein-bound I* activity determined. Evidence is presented that the molecular structure responsible for the catabolism of 7S gamma globulin is located in papain fragment III. The elimination of papain fragment III was slow and closely related to the intact gamma globulin, whereas the pepsin fragment and papain fragments I and II were rapidly eliminated and catabolized in all species examined. Prolonged incubation with cysteine altered papain fragment III as shown by a rapid catabolism of a large portion of incubated fragment III within 24 hours after injection. Small amounts of intact RGG and RGG papain fragment III were excreted as protein-bound I* activity in the urine. On the other hand, large amounts of the pepsin fragment and papain fragments I and II of RGG were excreted as protein-bound I* activity in the urine. The possibility of a molecular structure present in papain fragment III, which may be responsible for tubular reabsorption in the kidney, is discussed. The rate of urinary excretion of fragments obtained from RGG was different from that of fragments obtained from gamma globulin of several other species. In general, small amounts of the pepsin fragment and papain fragment III obtained from gamma globulin other than RGG were excreted as protein-bound I* activity. The amounts of fragment I* excreted as protein-bound I* activity depended on the species in which it was injected, as well as the source of the gamma globulin. The rapid catabolism of the pepsin fragment and papain fragments I or II which bear antibody-combining sites suggest that their use for the prophylactic treatment of tetanus and diphtheria in man is limited.

scholarly journals The Diminutive in English and Arabic: A Comparative study

2017 ◽  
Vol 223 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Dr. Ghanim J. Idan Al- Sieedy
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Comparative Studies ◽  
The Other ◽  
Human Language ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Common ◽  
Conclusion Section ◽  
Rules And Exceptions ◽  
The Way

       Carrying out comparative studies may pave the way for knowing some universal facts about human language and the common characteristics the compared languages have. The present study tackled one phenomenon of language, the diminutive, which was seen common both to English and Arabic. In English, the diminutive usually shows that something is small and it is either used literally or metaphorically. In Arabic, on the other hand, such meanings are also to be noticed together with the idea that the diminutive mainly means shortening. The paper was divided into three sections and a conclusion. Section one dealt with the diminutive in English giving a definition, talking about the formation of the diminutive, showing the relation between the diminutive and phonology, the diminutive and productivity, the diminutive and borrowing, the diminutive and other languages and afterwards the relation between the diminutive and pragmatics. Section two, on the other hand, was concerned with the diminutive in Arabic where a definition was also given, the functions the diminutive achieve, the conditions for forming the diminutive, the prosodic measures the diminutive follows and the rules and exceptions it follows. Section three was a comparison between the diminutive in English and Arabic. The study ended with mentioning some conclusions the study came out with. It was seen that the two languages differed on the phonological level, some differences were noticed as regards the parts of speech and functions the diminutive perform in each of the two languages.

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