scholarly journals PERSISTENCE OF GROUP A STREPTOCOCCAL CELL WALLS RELATED TO CHRONIC INFLAMMATION OF RABBIT DERMAL CONNECTIVE TISSUE

1967 ◽  
Vol 125 (6) ◽  
pp. 1137-1148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarkis H. Ohanian ◽  
John H. Schwab
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Intradermal Injection ◽  
Tissue Response ◽  
Acid Dissociation ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Phagocytic Cells ◽  
Intact Group ◽  
Polysaccharide Antigens ◽  
Group A

Antibodies specific for the mucopeptide and group-specific C polysaccharide antigens of Group A streptococcal cell walls were prepared by acid dissociation of immune precipitates, and labeled with either fluorescein or 125I. Employing both fluorescent and radioautographic procedures the persistence of the antigens was followed in skin sites injected with cell wall fragments. Both antigens persisted within macrophages for at least 54 days in those animals which developed no chronic tissue response. In animals which did develop chronic nodular lesions the concentration of antigen decreased as the inflammatory process subsided. Lesion activity was thus associated with the presence of cell wall material. The fate of these antigens was also determined following the intradermal injection of intact Group A streptococcal cells. Cell wall antigens persisted in the tissue site considerably longer than morphologically identifiable streptococci, indicating that cell wall fragments are released during dismantling of streptococci in phagocytic cells.

scholarly journals RELATION OF RHEUMATIC-LIKE CARDIAC LESIONS OF THE MOUSE TO LOCALIZATION OF GROUP A STREPTOCOCCAL CELL WALLS

1969 ◽  
Vol 129 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. H. Ohanian ◽  
J. H. Schwab ◽  
W. J. Cromartie
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Cell Wall Material ◽  
Mediastinal Lymph Nodes ◽  
Loose Connective Tissue ◽  
Streptococcal Cell Wall ◽  
Cardiac Lesions ◽  
Group A ◽  
Isolated Cell

Mice injected intraperitoneally with isolated cell wall fragments of Group A streptococci develop a carditis similar to that previously observed in mice injected with crude extracts of this organism. Neither the soluble cytoplasmic components of Group A streptococcal cells nor the nonfragmented cell walls produced carditis in this experimental model. Fluorescein and 125I-labeled antibodies specific for Group A streptococcal cell wall antigens were used to demonstrate that, for 5 wk after injection, cell wall material is localized around the sites of active lesions in the heart. In addition, the cell wall antigen accumulates in the liver, spleen, mediastinal lymph nodes, and the adjacent loose connective tissue, where it persists for at least 10 wk.

Synchrotron infrared microspectroscopy reveals the response of Sphagnum cell wall material to its aqueous chemical environment

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (8) ◽  
pp. 513
Author(s):  
Ewen Silvester ◽  
Annaleise R. Klein ◽  
Kerry L. Whitworth ◽  
Ljiljana Puskar ◽  
Mark J. Tobin
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Chemical Environment ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
Cell Wall Material ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Widespread Species ◽  
Flowing Liquid ◽  
Infrared Microspectroscopy

Environmental contextSphagnum moss is a widespread species in peatlands globally and responsible for a large fraction of carbon storage in these systems. We used synchrotron infrared microspectroscopy to characterise the acid-base properties of Sphagnum moss and the conditions under which calcium uptake can occur (essential for plant tissue integrity). The work allows a chemical model for Sphagnum distribution in the landscape to be proposed. AbstractSphagnum is one the major moss types responsible for the deposition of organic soils in peatland systems. The cell walls of this moss have a high proportion of carboxylated polysaccharides (polygalacturonic acids), which act as ion exchangers and are likely to be important for the structural integrity of the cell walls. We used synchrotron light source infrared microspectroscopy to characterise the acid-base and calcium complexation properties of the cell walls of Sphagnum cristatum stems, using freshly sectioned tissue confined in a flowing liquid cell with both normal water and D2O media. The Fourier transform infrared spectra of acid and base forms are consistent with those expected for protonated and deprotonated aliphatic carboxylic acids (such as uronic acids). Spectral deconvolution shows that the dominant aliphatic carboxylic groups in this material behave as a monoprotic acid (pKa=4.97–6.04). The cell wall material shows a high affinity for calcium, with a binding constant (K) in the range 103.9–104.7 (1:1 complex). The chemical complexation model developed here allows for the prediction of the chemical environment (e.g. pH, ionic content) under which Ca2+ uptake can occur, and provides an improved understanding for the observed distribution of Sphagnum in the landscape.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON BACTERIOPHAGES OF HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI

1957 ◽  
Vol 106 (3) ◽  
pp. 365-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard M. Krause
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Hyaluronic Acid ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Receptor Site ◽  
Surface Proteins ◽  
Phage Antibody ◽  
Group A ◽  
Phage Receptor ◽  
Hyaluronic Acid Capsule ◽  
Isolated Cell

The host ranges of bacteriophages for group A, types 1, 6, 12, and 25 and group C streptococci have been determined. The findings indicate that the susceptibility to these phages is primarily a group-specific phenomenon, although it is modified by several factors such as the hyaluronic acid capsule, lysogeny, and possibly the presence of surface proteins. Phage antibody studies indicate that while the group A phages are antigenically related, they are distinct from the group C phage. This is in agreement with the observation that group A phages are not specific for their homologous streptococcal types. The purified group C carbohydrate inactivates group C phage but not the group A phages, thus suggesting that the carbohydrate, a component of the cell wall, may serve as the phage receptor site. It has not been possible to inactivate the group A phages with group A carbohydrate. Phage lysis of groups A and C streptococci is accompanied by fragmentation of the cell wall since the C carbohydrate has been identified serologically and chemically in the supernate of centrifuged lysates. The immediate lysis of groups A and C hemolytic streptococci and their isolated cell walls by an accesory heat-labile lytic factor in fresh group C lysates is also described.

Étude cytochimique ultrastructurale de la dégradation des lignines dans les résidus pariétaux de bois d'épicéa et de peuplier par le Reticulitermes lucifugus var. santonensis (Rhinotermitidae, Isoptera)

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (5) ◽  
pp. 933-941 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Garnier-Sillam ◽  
I. Grech ◽  
Y. Czaninski ◽  
M.-T. Tollier ◽  
B. Monties
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Mechanical Action ◽  
Free Cell ◽  
Uranyl Acetate ◽  
Picea Sitchensis ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Acetate Lead

Free cell-wall residues were prepared by extracting wood samples of spruce (Populus euramericana cv. Fidzi Pauley) and poplar (Picea sitchensis). These species were chosen for their lignin types: guaiacyl in spruce and guaiacyl–syringyl in poplar. The parietal residues obtained were used as the sole food for the xylophagous termite Reticulitermes lucifugus var. santonensis and were compared before and after ingestion and transit in the digestive tracts. Differences due to the mechanical action of the gizzard were found in association with chemical changes. Polysaccharides were unmasked after digestion and could clearly be observed after reaction with periodic acid – thiocarbohydrazide – silver proteinate. A fibrillary meshwork was also observed inside the lignified cell walls. Biodegradation of cell wall material was particularly clear in poplar where granules formed an electron-dense plasma when uranyl acetate – lead citrate or periodic acid – thiocarbohydrazide – silver proteinate was used as a contrast medium. A selective biodegradation of syringyl monomers in poplar parietal residues was indicated by thioacidolysis but requires confirmation. Breakdown of lignified cell walls begins with a biodegradation of the lignin network associated with or followed by the digestion of polysaccharides. Syringyl-rich lignin fractions seemed to break down faster. Whether the enzymic pathway leading to ligninolysis originates from the termite digestive cells or from the endosymbionts present in their digestive tract lumen remains to be defined. Key words: Isoptera, Reticulitermes lucifugus var. santonensis, wood, lignin, spruce, poplar.

Ultrastructure des parois de cerises Bigarreau Burlat de textures différentes au cours de la maturation

1996 ◽  
Vol 74 (12) ◽  
pp. 1974-1981 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Batisse ◽  
P. J. Coulomb ◽  
C. Coulomb ◽  
M. Buret
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Primary Cell ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Cell Wall Degradation ◽  
Composition And Structure ◽  
Cell Wall Texture ◽  
Synthesis And Degradation ◽  
Soft Fruits

The changes in texture of fruits during ripening are linked to cell wall degradation involving synthesis and degradation of polymers. An increase in pectin solubility leads to cell sliding and an elastic aspect of tissues. The biochemical cell wall process differs between soft and crisp fruits originating from a same cultivar but cultivated under different agroclimatic conditions. Although the proportions of cell wall material are similar, the composition and structure of the two cell walls are very different at maturity. A solubilization of the middle lamella and a restructuration of the primary cell walls arising from the cells separation is observed in crisp fruits. In contrast, the middle lamella of the soft fruits is better preserved and the primary cell walls are thin and show degradation bags delimited by residual membrane formations. In addition, the macroendocytosis process by endosome individualization is more important in soft fruits. In conclusion, the fruit texture depends on the extent of the links between cell wall polymers. Keywords: cherry, cell wall, texture, ultrastructural study.

scholarly journals STUDIES OF L FORMS AND PROTOPLASTS OF GROUP A STREPTOCOCCI

1959 ◽  
Vol 110 (6) ◽  
pp. 853-874 ◽  
Author(s):  
Earl H. Freimer ◽  
Richard M. Krause ◽  
Maclyn McCarty
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
M Protein ◽  
Group A Streptococci ◽  
Group A ◽  
Isolated Cell ◽  
Streptococcal Strain

L forms of Group A streptococci have been isolated by the use of penicillin gradient agar plates. Osmotically fragile protoplasts of Group A streptococci have been obtained by the use of Group C phage-associated lysin which lyses Group A streptococci and their isolated cell walls. Membranes surrounding these enzymatically derived protoplasts have been isolated, and chemical and immunological studies indicate that they are free of cell wall carbohydrate and M protein. The streptococcal protoplasts reproduce as colonies which are morphologically indistinguishable from streptococcal L forms. Evidence is presented to show that these two streptococcal derivatives are serologically and physiologically related to each other as well as to the parent streptococcal strain from which they were isolated.

THE EFFECT OF PENICILLIN ON THE STRUCTURE OF STAPHYLOCOCCAL CELL WALLS

1959 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 641-648 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. E. Murray ◽  
W. H. Francombe ◽  
B. H. Mayall
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Osmium Tetroxide ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Cell Wall Material ◽  
Cell Wall Synthesis ◽  
Cell Wall Component ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Resistant Strains

Cultures of sensitive stains of Staphylococcus aureus were fixed with osmium tetroxide after 1–5 hours' exposure to various does of pencillin and were embedded in methacrylate for sectioning and electron microscopy. They were compared with untreated, control cultures. The contrast of the cell wall material was untreated, control cultures. The contrast of the cell wall material was increased, by cutting the section of lanthanum nitrate.The cells increased in size and the surrounding cell wall was thinner than normal. The main lesions appeared in the developing cell wall septa, which showed a loss in density and gross irregularity of shape. Some questionable inclusions were seen in the cytoplasm. Lysis was prevented in a medium containing 0.3 M sucrose and the stable spheroplasts retained a recognizable cell wall after 24 hours' exposure to penicillin. However, the septa could not be demonstrated in the cells treated in sucrose medium.Two resistant strains were exposed to penicillin. In one, the cells showed no morphological effects; in the other, there was temporary damage to the cell septa with complete recovery.The observations support the hypothesis that penicillin interferes with the synthesis of a cell wall component and indicate that the main point of cell wall synthesis is at the site of septum formation.

Cellular Characteristics of Dinitroaniline Herbicide-Resistant Goosegrass (Eleusine indica)

Weed Science ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernal E. Valverde ◽  
Arnold P. Appleby ◽  
Steven R. Radosevich ◽  
Alfred Soeldner
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
South Carolina ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Primary Root ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Root Cells ◽  
Eleusine Indica ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Transmission Electron

Primary root cells from five dinitroaniline-resistant (R) and three susceptible (S) goosegrass biotypes from North Carolina and South Carolina were observed by transmission electron microscopy to determine whether resistance was associated with changes in cell wall formation. Cell wall malformations were found in some cells from two of the R-biotypes and in one of the S-biotypes. Malformations consisted of partially deposited cell walls and the inclusion of cell wall material in the cytoplasm. Some of the affected cells also had abnormal, lobed nuclei and malformed mitochondria. There seems to be little or no correlation between dinitroaniline resistance and cell wall malformations.

scholarly journals Streptococcal cell wall arthritis. Passive transfer of disease with a T cell line and crossreactivity of streptococcal cell wall antigens with Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

1989 ◽  
Vol 170 (2) ◽  
pp. 369-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Q DeJoy ◽  
K M Ferguson ◽  
T M Sapp ◽  
J B Zabriskie ◽  
A L Oronsky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Chronic Phase ◽  
Streptococcal Cell Wall ◽  
Group A ◽  
Primary Lymph Node ◽  
T Cell Lines ◽  
Streptococcal Cell Wall Arthritis

Primary lymph node cells derived from streptococcal cell wall arthritic rats or those derived from adjuvant arthritic rats proliferated in response to cell wall antigens derived from either streptococcal cell walls or those from M. tuberculosis. In addition, two T cell lines have been isolated from lymph nodes of rats during the chronic phase of streptococcal cell wall arthritis. These T cell lines transfered clinical disease to naive syngeneic irradiated recipients, and they proliferated in the presence of cell wall antigens derived from streptococci or antigens derived from Mycobacterium but failed to proliferate in the presence of the 65-kD antigen (containing the sequence TFGLQLELT) derived from Mycobacterium. These observations indicate that T cells play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of streptococcal cell wall arthritis and suggest that antigenic crossreactivity exists between cell walls of group A streptococci and antigens derived from Mycobacterium. The 65-kD Mycobacterium protein is not involved in the observed antigenic crossreactivity.

Role of Golgi Apparatus in the Formation of Plant Slimes, Cuticles and Extraneous Wall Material

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 86-87
Author(s):  
Hilton H. Mollenhauer
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Characteristic Property ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Plant Biology ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Wall Properties

Cell walls are fundamentally involved in many aspects of plant biology including the morphology, growth, and development of plant cells and the interactions between plant hosts and their pathogens. Intuitively, one can recognize that these wall properties result from the sum total of the various components of which the wall is composed and that there are classes of substances each of which impart a characteristic property to the cell wall.

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