scholarly journals THE PASSAGE OF TYPE III RABBIT VIRULENT PNEUMOCOCCI FROM THE VASCULAR SYSTEM INTO JOINTS AND CERTAIN OTHER BODY CAVITIES

1939 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 293-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morris F. Shaffer ◽  
Granville A. Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Vascular System ◽  
Horse Serum ◽  
Immune Serum ◽  
Knee Joints ◽  
Joint Involvement ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Virulent Strains ◽  
Intravenous Inoculation ◽  
Bladder Urine ◽  
Pneumococcus Type

1. Within 24 hours following intravenous inoculation with rabbit virulent strains of pneumococcus Type III, most rabbits develop infections of one or both knees. The frequency of bilateral knee joint involvement increases as the duration of the disease is prolonged. 2. The spinal fluid, aqueous humor, and bladder urine remain sterile at a time when the knee joints contain pneumococci. Subsequently, however, they may be invaded. 3. The administration of a single dose of type specific horse immune serum, at a period when in all probability one or both knee joints contain organisms, appears to be ineffective in bringing about resolution of the infections process in these sites, even though horse serum constituents may be demonstrated serologically to be present within the joint cavities.

scholarly journals THE PASSAGE OF PROTEINS FROM THE VASCULAR SYSTEM INTO JOINTS AND CERTAIN OTHER BODY CAVITIES

1939 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 277-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Granville A. Bennett ◽  
Morris F. Shaffer
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Humor ◽  
Serum Proteins ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Horse Serum ◽  
Blood Stream ◽  
The Body ◽  
Spinal Fluid ◽  
Knee Joints ◽  
Egg Albumin ◽  
Foreign Proteins

1. Experiments designed to study, in the rabbit, the passage of foreign proteins from the blood stream into synovial fluid and to compare such passage with that taking place into the aqueous humor, spinal fluid, and urine are described. 2. Crystalline egg albumin and horse serum proteins regularly appeared in the knee joints within short periods of time following their intravenous injection. 3. These proteins also appeared promptly in the aqueous humor but in lower concentrations. In the spinal fluid they appeared only rarely and in minimal amounts. 4. Crystalline egg albumin was readily eliminated from the body via the urine. It was also removed rapidly from the knee joint and anterior chamber of the eye. 5. Horse serum proteins appeared only occasionally in the urine. Their concentration in the blood serum remained relatively high for several days. Their increased concentration in the joint fluids in the longer experiments indicates that the rate of entrance exceeded the rate of removal. 6. Foreign proteins of the type employed were all found in the joint fluids in higher concentrations than they were in the other body fluids examined. 7. The possible significance of this study with respect to normal joint physiology and to certain abnormal joint conditions has been commented upon.

Symptomatic osteonecrosis of the hip and knee in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: Prevalence, pattern, and comparison of natural course

Lupus ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 096120332110310
Author(s):  
Mehmet Ersin ◽  
Mehmet Demirel ◽  
Mehmet Ekinci ◽  
Lezgin Mert ◽  
Çiğdem Çetin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Rheumatic Diseases ◽  
Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Bone Structure ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Knee Joints ◽  
Joint Involvement ◽  
Systemic Lupus ◽  
Kaplan Meier ◽  
The Mean

Objective Osteonecrosis (ON), also known as avascular necrosis, is characterized by the collapse of the architectural bone structure secondary to the death of the bone marrow and trabecular bone. Osteonecrosis may accompany many conditions, especially rheumatic diseases. Among rheumatic diseases, osteonecrosis is most commonly associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We assessed prevalence and distribution pattern of symptomatic ON in patients with SLE and compare the natural courses of hip and knee ON. Methods 912 SLE patients admitted between 1981 and 2012 were reviewed. SLE patients with symptomatic ON were retrospectively identified both from the existing SLE/APS database. The prevalence of symptomatic ON was calculated; with ON, the joint involvement pattern was determined by examining the distribution of the joints involved, and then the data about the hip and knee joints were entered in the Kaplan-Meier analysis. Kaplan-Meier methods were used to calculate 5- and 10-year rates of ON-related hip (the hip group) and knee survival (the knee group). Results Symptomatic ON developed in various joints in 97 of 912 patients with SLE, and the overall prevalence of ON was detected as 10.6%. The mean age at the time of SLE and ON diagnoses were 27.9 ± 9.9 (14–53) and 34.2 ± 11.3 (16–62) years, respectively. The mean duration from diagnosis of SLE to the first development of ON was 70.7± 60.2 (range = 0–216) months. The most common site for symptomatic ON was the hips (68%, n=66), followed by the knees (38%, n = 37). According to Kaplan-Meier analysis, hip and knee joint survival rates associated with 5-year ON were 51% and 88%, and 10-year survival rates were 43% and 84%, respectively. Conclusion We observed that the prevalence of symptomatic ON in patients with SLE was 10.6%. With the estimated 10-year survival rates of 40% versus 84% for the hip and knee joints, respectively, hip involvement may demonstrate a more aggressive course to end-stage osteoarthritis than the knee involvement.

PNEUMOCOCCUS TYPE III PNEUMONIA. AN ANALYSIS OF 500 CASES

1936 ◽  
Vol 191 (3) ◽  
pp. 305-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
RUSSELL L. CECIL ◽  
NORMAN PLUMMER ◽  
MARSH McCALL
Keyword(s):  
Type Iii ◽  
Pneumococcus Type

scholarly journals THE INACTIVATION OF BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE PROTEINS, AND THE VIRUS OF WESTERN EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS BY PERIODIC ACID

1948 ◽  
Vol 87 (5) ◽  
pp. 445-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walther F. Goebel ◽  
Peter K. Olitsky ◽  
Arturo C. Saenz
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Immune Globulin ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Chemical Alteration ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Pathogenic Action ◽  
Pneumococcus Type

The action of periodic acid on two biologically active proteins, crystalline ribonuclease and pneumococcus Type III immune globulin, and on the virus of Western equine encephalomyelitis has been studied. The biological activity of the two proteins and the pathogenic action of the virus were destroyed by the reagent; the specific antigenicity of the immune globulin was retained, however, but that of the equine virus was lost. The bearing of these reactions on the chemical alteration of the respective substances has been discussed.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON PNEUMOCOCCUS IMMUNITY

1923 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell L. Cecil ◽  
Gustav I. Steffen
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Injection ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Subcutaneous Injections ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Pneumococcus Type

1. Three subcutaneous injections of Pneumococcus Type II vaccine confer on monkeys a complete immunity against experimental Pneumococcus Type II pneumonia. A similar protection can be bestowed on monkeys against Pneumonococcus Type IV pneumonia by three subcutaneous injections of a vaccine prepared from the same strain of pneumococcus. 2. The subcutaneous injection of monkeys with three doses of Pneumococcus Type III vaccine confers a complete immunity against this type in only 50 per cent of cases (four out of eight monkeys vaccinated). 3. In spite of the immunity induced in monkeys by three subcutaneous injections of Pneumococcus Types II, III, and IV vaccine, specific protective bodies against the homologous types are not demonstrable in their serums when the vaccine is so administered.

scholarly journals Genome-Assisted Development of a Diagnostic Protocol for Distinguishing High Virulence Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato Strains

Plant Disease ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 99 (4) ◽  
pp. 527-534 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa A. Jones ◽  
Surya Saha ◽  
Alan Collmer ◽  
Christine D. Smart ◽  
Magdalen Lindeberg
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Genome Comparison ◽  
Type Iii Effectors ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Host Interaction ◽  
Group I ◽  
Virulent Strains ◽  
High Virulence ◽  
Relationship Of

A severe outbreak of bacterial speck of tomato, caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, occurred in central New York in 2009. Isolate 09150, collected from this outbreak and subsequently named NYS-T1, was found to be highly virulent on tomato. To better understand the relationship of 09150 to other P. syringae strains and develop a diagnostic assay for aggressive strains of this pathogen, the 09150 genome was sequenced. Genome comparison revealed it to be highly similar to a previously sequenced isolate, T1. Genetic factors linked to host interaction including type III effectors, toxin biosynthetic genes, and elicitors of host innate immunity were identified. Type III effector repertoires were compared with other strains in the high virulence T1-like subgroup and lower virulence DC3000/P. syringae pv. maculicola subgroup within P. syringae phylogenetic Group I. Primers for conventional PCR were developed using sequences for avrA, hopW, conserved in the former subgroup and hopN, present in the latter. These were tested on isolates in the two subgroups, other pseudomonads, and other bacterial pathogens of tomato. Primers developed for avaA and hopW were diagnostic for more virulent strains of P. syringae pv. tomato while primers for hopN were diagnostic for P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000 and related P. syringe pv. maculicola strains. Primers designed against hopR distinguished both of these P. syringae subgroups from other P. syringae strains.

scholarly journals THE INHIBITION OF SURFACE PHAGOCYTOSIS BY THE CAPSULAR "SLIME LAYER" OF PNEUMOCOCCUS TYPE III

1949 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Barry Wood ◽  
Mary Ruth Smith
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Large Volume ◽  
Logarithmic Phase ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Slime Layer ◽  
Virulent Type ◽  
Specific Polysaccharide ◽  
Pneumococcus Type

Five strains of type III pneumococcus have been shown to possess wide capsular slime layers during the logarithmic phase of growth in serum broth. The slime layer stains metachromatically with methylene blue and can be visualized under the electron microscope as a fuzzy halo which extends well beyond the surace of the capsule proper and causes centrifugates of the organism to be of extremely large volume. This outer capsular structure is most readily demonstrated in vivo and in nutrient broth containing glucose and serum. It disappears from the surface of the cell with aging of the culture, and is easily removed by dilute alkali, alcohol, and heat. Exposure of slime-covered type III pneumococci to homologous antibody and to type III polysaccharidase reveals that the slime layer contains the same type-specific polysaccharide that is present in the rest of the capsule. From a type III strain producing a prominent slime layer an intermediate mutant has been isolated which forms small non-mucoid colonies on blood agar and possesses a relatively small capsule with a barely discernible slime layer. The wide slime layer protects virulent type III pneumococci from surface phagocytosis. Whenever the type III cells lose their broad slime layer, whether from aging of the culture, from mutation, from exposure to injurious chemicals, or from the action of type III polysaccharidase, they become susceptible to phagocytosis by the surface mechanism. Once phagocyted the type III pneumococci are promptly destroyed, even in the absence of antibodies.

scholarly journals ACTIVE AND PASSIVE IMMUNITY TO PNEUMOCOCCUS INFECTION INDUCED IN RABBITS BY IMMUNIZATION WITH R PNEUMOCOCCI

1928 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 791-804 ◽  
Author(s):  
William S. Tillett
Keyword(s):  
Whole Blood ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Immune Serum ◽  
Type I ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Passive Protection ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Intravenous Injections ◽  
Infecting Organisms

1. Rabbits, vaccinated by repeated intravenous injections of suspensions of heat-killed R pneumococci, acquire a marked degree of active immunity to infection with the virulent S forms of Pneumococcus Types I and II. Previously (1) it was shown that the immunization of rabbits with R cells induces active resistance to Type III infection. This immunity is effective when the infecting organisms are injected either intravenously, intraperitoneally, or intradermally. 2. Whole citrated blood or serum of rabbits immunized with R pneumococci, under the experimental conditions described, is capable of passively protecting normal rabbits against Type I and Type III infection. Whole blood appears to be more effective than an equivalent amount of serum. 3. Passive protection of mice by the use of whole blood or serum of the immune rabbits has been entirely ineffectual. This is in striking contrast to the results obtained with type-specific immune serum. 4. This form of acquired resistance to pneumococcus infection, elicited by R organisms which are devoid of type specificity, and exemplified in animals whose sera possess no demonstrable type-specific antibodies, has many characteristics strongly suggesting that the underlying mechanism differs from that concerned in type-specific immunity.

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