scholarly journals OBSERVATIONS ON THE SITES OF REMOVAL OF BACTERIA FROM THE BLOOD IN PATIENTS WITH BACTERIAL ENDOCARDITIS

1945 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul B. Beeson ◽  
Emmett S. Brannon ◽  
James V. Warren
Keyword(s):  
Femoral Vein ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Bacterial Endocarditis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mixed Venous Blood ◽  
Renal Veins ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Venae Cavae ◽  
Bacterial Content ◽  
The Right

In 6 patients with bacterial endocarditis studies were made of the bacterial content of arterial and venous blood. Paired samples were collected, approximately simultaneously, from two different locations in the circulatory system, and colony counts were determined. As many as 48 specimens were taken for culture during a single period of study. Venous blood was drawn not only from different locations in the extremities, but also from the superior and inferior venae cavae, the right auricle, and the hepatic and renal veins. As would be expected, colony counts were highest in arterial blood. Blood from the antecubital veins gave colony counts only slightly lower than arterial blood. In the femoral veins, on the other hand, there were appreciably fewer organisms. This difference is attributed to the type of tissues drained by the two veins. Colony counts in blood from the superior and inferior venae cavae were also lower than arterial counts, the ratio being comparable to that found in femoral vein blood. In the renal veins colony counts were only slightly below the arterial level indicating that few organisms are removed from the blood during passage through the kidneys. The greatest reduction in bacterial content was found in hepatic vein blood. In 3 of the 6 subjects this reduction amounted to more than 95 per cent, and in all subjects the difference was very considerable. Mixed venous blood in the right auricle of the heart gave colony counts which were usually one-half to two-thirds as high as in corresponding samples of arterial blood. An interesting finding in these studies was a remarkable constancy of the bacterial content of arterial blood, during periods of 1 or 2 hours. Despite the fact that a considerable portion of the bacteria which leave the heart in arterial blood appear to be removed during a single circuit of the body, the number of bacteria in successive samples of arterial blood shows little change. This indicates that in bacterial endocarditis organisms are discharged into the blood from the endocardial vegetations at a comparatively even rate, rather than in a haphazard fashion as a result of the breaking off of infected particles.

Respiratory measurements of cardiac output: from elegant idea to useful test

2004 ◽  
Vol 96 (2) ◽  
pp. 428-437 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel Laszlo
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mixed Venous Blood ◽  
Indirect Determination ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Pulmonary Capillary ◽  
Pulmonary Arterial ◽  
Mixed Venous

The measurement of cardiac output was first proposed by Fick, who published his equation in 1870. Fick's calculation called for the measurement of the contents of oxygen or CO2 in pulmonary arterial and systemic arterial blood. These values could not be determined directly in human subjects until the acceptance of cardiac catheterization as a clinical procedure in 1940. In the meanwhile, several attempts were made to perfect respiratory methods for the indirect determination of blood-gas contents by respiratory techniques that yielded estimates of the mixed venous and pulmonary capillary gas pressures. The immediate uptake of nonresident gases can be used in a similar way to calculate cardiac output, with the added advantage that they are absent from the mixed venous blood. The fact that these procedures are safe and relatively nonintrusive makes them attractive to physiologists, pharmacologists, and sports scientists as well as to clinicians concerned with the physiopathology of the heart and lung. This paper outlines the development of these techniques, with a discussion of some of the ways in which they stimulated research into the transport of gases in the body through the alveolar membrane.

scholarly journals Arteriovenous Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Differences Across Selected Organs of the Rat

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika Książek ◽  
Urszula Baranowska ◽  
Adrian Chabowski ◽  
Marcin Baranowski
Keyword(s):  
Right Ventricle ◽  
Hepatic Vein ◽  
Abdominal Aorta ◽  
Femoral Vein ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Hplc Method ◽  
Mixed Venous Blood ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Sphingosine 1 Phosphate

Background/Aims: Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive lysosphingolipid that is found in high concentration in plasma. The majority of plasma S1P is transported bound to HDL and albumin. Although the major sources of circulating S1P have been identified, it remains obscure what is the contribution of different organs/tissues to S1P homeostasis in plasma. Answering this question was the major aim of the present study. Methods: The experiment was performed on male Wistar rats from whom blood samples were taken from either: 1) femoral vein, right ventricle of the heart, and abdominal aorta (n=15) or 2) hepatic vein, portal vein, and abdominal aorta (n=11). Plasma was fractionated by sequential flotation ultracentrifugation and sphingolipids were quantified by a HPLC method. Results: Compared to the mixed venous blood sampled from the right ventricle, total plasma and lipoprotein-depleted plasma (LPDP) concentration of S1P in the arterial blood was lower. On the other hand, the level of S1P increased across the leg both in plasma and LPDP. The concentration of S1P, sphingosine, and sphinganine in the plasma, HDL, and LPDP isolated from the blood taken from the hepatic vein was markedly higher compared to both arterial and portal blood. Conclusions: We conclude that, in contrast to HDL-bound S1P, albumin-associated S1P is very labile in the circulation. It is degraded in the pulmonary, and to a lesser extent, gastrointestinal circulation, and released across the liver and skeletal muscle. We also conclude that liver is an important source of HDL-bound S1P and circulating free sphingoid bases.

scholarly journals Congenital systemic venous return anomalies to the right atrium review

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
João Diogo Oliveira ◽  
Isa Martins
Keyword(s):  
Right Atrium ◽  
Congenital Anomalies ◽  
Venous Return ◽  
Congenital Abnormalities ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
The Body ◽  
Venae Cavae ◽  
Systemic Venous Return ◽  
The Right

AbstractCongenital anomalies of the systemic venous return to the right atrium are rare and stem from variations in the embryogenesis of the venous system. They are usually asymptomatic, and such the major clinical significance of their recognition is to prevent misdiagnosis, in addition to some having technical implications on invasive procedures.Typically, the venous blood from the upper half of the body is carried by the right-sided, superior vena cava (SVC), and some common congenital abnormalities found are persistent left SVC, SVC duplication, anomalous drainage of the brachiocephalic veins, or interruption of the SVC. The venous blood from the lower body is carried by the right-sided, inferior vena cava (IVC), and some common congenital abnormalities found are left-sided IVC, IVC duplication, the absence of IVC (total or just the infrarenal segment), and azygos continuation of the IVC. The azygos system of veins, running up the side of the thoracic vertebral column, connects both systems and can provide an alternative path to the right atrium when either of the venae cavae is absent. Other associated azygos-hemiazygos system anomalies are the azygos lobe and variable configuration of the azygos and hemiazygos veins.Such anomalies are reviewed with particular respect to their embryology and imagiological presentation, as knowledge of the normal anatomy and the most common congenital anomalies of the systemic venous return by a radiologist is important, being incidentally found.

Transport of colloidal particles in lymphatics and vasculature after subcutaneous injection

1999 ◽  
Vol 86 (4) ◽  
pp. 1381-1387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Makoto Higuchi ◽  
Alexander Fokin ◽  
Thomas N. Masters ◽  
Francis Robicsek ◽  
Geert W. Schmid-Schönbein
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Injection ◽  
Colloidal Particles ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Femoral Vein ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Lymph Vessel ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Colloid Particles ◽  
The Right ◽  
Number Of Particles

This study was designed to determine the transport of subcutaneously injected viral-size colloid particles into the lymph and the vascular system in the hind leg of the dog. Transport of two colloid particles, with average size ∼1 and 0.41 μm, respectively, and with and without leg rotation, was tested. Leg rotation serves to enhance the lymph flow rates. The right femoral vein, lymph vessel, and left femoral artery were cannulated while the animal was under anesthesia, and samples were collected at regular intervals after subcutaneous injection of the particles at the right knee level. The number of particles in the samples were counted under fluorescence microscopy by using a hemocytometer. With and without leg rotation, both particle sets were rapidly taken up into the venous blood and into the lymph fluid. The number of particles carried away from the injection site within the first 5 min was <5% of the injected pool. Particles were also seen in arterial blood samples; this suggests reflow and a prolonged residence time in the blood. These results show that particles the size of viruses are rapidly taken up into the lymphatics and blood vessels after subcutaneous deposition.

Measurement of respiratory parameters by using inspired oxygen sinusoidal forcing signals

1996 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 998-1006 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. M. Williams ◽  
R. Hamilton ◽  
L. Sutton ◽  
C. E. Hahn
Keyword(s):  
Dead Space ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mixed Venous Blood ◽  
Alveolar Volume ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Respiratory Parameters ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Inspired Oxygen ◽  
Mixed Venous

A companion paper (C. E. W. Hahn. J. Appl. Physiol 81: 985–997, 1996) described a continuous-flow gas-exchange mathematical model, which predicted that forced inspired oxygen sinusoids could be used to measure respiratory parameters rapidly, in place of the inert gas argon. We therefore made simultaneous measurements of dead space volume (VD) and alveolar volume (VA) in an animal model, using argon and oxygen inspired gas concentration sinusoid forcing signals, and then compared the results. Our data confirmed the model prediction that the attenuations of the oxygen and argon sinusoid perturbations are identical in the alveolar gas space, even though there is a net uptake of oxygen by the body. Our results show that the calculated values of VD and VA, obtained by using inspired oxygen forcing signals, were independent of both the mean fractional inspired oxygen concentration (FIO2; range 0.18–0.80% vol/vol) and the oxygen forcing signal amplitude (range +/- 2–6% vol/vol). In these studies, oxygen forcing signals, with forcing periods between 1 and 2 min, were able to measure controlled changes in instrument dead space to within 16 ml and also measure positive end-expiratory pressure-induced changes in VA. Under hyperoxic conditions, intravascular oxygen sensors confirmed that the sinusoidal PO2 signal passed into the arterial blood but not into the mixed-venous blood. However, the sinusoid perturbation PO2 signal did pass into the mixed-venous blood when the mean FIO2 was mildly hypoxic (FIO2 = 0.18% vol/vol). These data show that oxygen can be used instead of argon to measure airways dead space and VA.

Carbon Dioxide Equilibration in Canine Lungs during Rebreathing and Acute Alkalosis

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (5) ◽  
pp. 385-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Latimer ◽  
G. Laszlo
Keyword(s):  
Whole Blood ◽  
Base Excess ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Main Pulmonary Artery ◽  
Mixed Venous Blood ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Venous Pco2 ◽  
Pulmonary Arterial ◽  
Gas Pressures

1. The left lower lobe of the lungs of six anaesthetized dogs were isolated by the introduction of a bronchial cannula at thoracotomy. Catheters were introduced into the main pulmonary artery and a vein draining the isolated lobe. 2. Blood-gas pressures and pH were measured across the isolated lobe and compared with gas pressures in alveolar samples from the lobe. 3. When the isolated lobe was allowed to reach gaseous equilibrium with pulmonary arterial blood for 30 min, there was no significant difference between alveolar and pulmonary venous Pco2. Mean values of whole-blood base excess were similar in pulmonary arterial and pulmonary venous blood. 4. After injection of 20 ml of 8·4% sodium bicarbonate solution into a peripheral vein, Pco2, pH and plasma bicarbonate concentrations rose in the mixed venous blood. There was no change of whole-blood base excess across the lung, indicating that HCO−3, as distinct from dissolved CO2, did not enter lung tissue in measurable amounts. 5. No systematic alveolar—pulmonary venous Pco2 differences were demonstrated in this preparation other than those explicable by maldistribution of lobar blood flow.

scholarly journals Observations on the theory of respiration

1837 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 334-335
Keyword(s):  
Carbonic Acid ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Hydrogen Gas ◽  
The Body ◽  
Pure Hydrogen ◽  
Atmospheric Air ◽  
Acid Gas ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Dark Colour ◽  
Oxygen Gas

From the fact that no carbonic acid gas is given out by venous blood when that fluid is subjected to the action of the air-pump, former experimentalists had inferred that this blood contains no carbonic acid. The author of the present paper contends that this is an erroneous inference; first, by showing that serum, which had been made to absorb a considerable quantity of this gas, does not yield it upon the removal of the atmospheric pressure; and next, by adducing several experiments in proof of the strong attraction exerted on carbonic acid both by hydrogen and by oxygen gases, which were found to absorb it readily through the medium of moistened membrane. By means of a peculiar apparatus, consisting of a double-necked bottle, to which a set of bent tubes were adapted, he ascertained that venous blood, agitated with pure hydrogen gas, and allowed to remain for an hour in contact with it, imparts to that gas a considerable quantity of carbonic acid. The same result had, indeed, been obtained, in a former experiment, by the simple application of heat to venous blood confined under hydrogen gas; but on account of the possible chemical agency of heat, the inference drawn from that experiment is less conclusive than from experiments in which the air-pump alone is employed. The author found that, in like manner, atmospheric air, by remaining, for a sufficient time, in contact with venous blood, on the application of the air-pump, acquires carbonic acid. The hypothesis that the carbon of the blood attracts the oxygen of the air into the fluid, and there combines with it, and that the carbonic acid thus formed is afterwards exhaled, appears to be inconsistent with the fact that all acids, and carbonic acid more especially, impart to the blood a black colour; whereas the immediate effect of exposing venous blood to atmospheric air, or to oxygen gas, is a change of colour from a dark to a bright scarlet, implying its conversion from the venous to the arterial character: hence the author infers that the acid is not formed during the experiment in question, but already exists in the venous blood, and is extracted from it by the atmospheric air. Similar experiments made with oxygen gas, in place of atmospheric air, were attended with the like results, but in a more striking degree and tend therefore to corroborate the views entertained by the author of the theory of respiration. According to these views, it is neither in the lungs, nor generally in the course of the circulation, but only during its passage through the capillary system of vessels, that the blood undergoes the change from arterial to venous; a change consisting in the formation of carbonic acid, by the addition of particles of carbon derived from the solid textures of the body, and which had combined with the oxygen supplied by the arterial blood: and it is by this combination that heat is evolved, as well as a dark colour imparted to the blood. The author ascribes, however, the bright red colour of arterial blood, not to the action of oxygen, which is of itself completely inert as a colouring agent, but to that of the saline ingredients naturally contained in healthy blood. On arriving at the lungs, the first change induced on the blood is effected by the oxygen of the atmospheric air, and consists in the removal of the carbonic acid, which had been the source of the dark colour of the venous blood; and the second consists in the attraction by the blood of a portion of oxygen, which it absorbs from the air, and which takes the place of the carbonic acid. The peculiar texture of the lungs, and the elevation of temperature in warm-blooded animals, concur in promoting the rapid production of these changes.

scholarly journals The beginnings of cardiac catheterization and the resulting impact on pulmonary medicine

2017 ◽  
Vol 313 (4) ◽  
pp. L651-L658 ◽  
Author(s):  
John B. West
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cardiac Catheterization ◽  
Nobel Prize ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Interventional Cardiology ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Mixed Venous Blood ◽  
Pulmonary Medicine ◽  
Fick Principle ◽  
The Right

The early history of cardiac catheterization has many interesting features. First, although it would be natural to assume that the procedure was initiated by cardiologists, two of the three people who shared the Nobel Prize for the discovery were pulmonologists, while the third was a urologist. The primary objective of the pulmonologists André Cournand and Dickinson Richards was to obtain mixed venous blood from the right heart so that they could use the Fick principle to calculate total pulmonary blood flow. Cournand’s initial catheterization studies were prompted by his reading of an account by Werner Forssmann, who catheterized himself 12 years before. His bold experiment was one of the most bizarre in medical history. In the earliest studies that followed, Cournand and colleagues first passed catheters into the right atrium, and then into the right ventricle, and finally, the pulmonary artery. At the time, the investigators did not appreciate the significance of the low vascular pressures, nor that what they had done would revolutionize interventional cardiology. Within a year, William Dock predicted that there would be a very low blood flow at the top of the upright lung, and he proposed that this was the cause of the apical localization of pulmonary tuberculosis. The fact that the pulmonary vascular pressures are very low has many implications in lung disease. Cardiac catheterization changed the face of investigative cardiology, and its instigators were awarded the Nobel Prize in 1956.

Lactate, pyruvate, glucose, and free fatty acid in mixed venous and arterial blood

1963 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 933-936 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Harris ◽  
T. Bailey ◽  
M. Bateman ◽  
M. G. Fitzgerald ◽  
J. Gloster ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Mixed Venous Blood ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Acquired Heart Disease ◽  
Mixed Venous

The concentrations of lactic acid, pyruvic acid, glucose, and free fatty acids have been measured simultaneously in the blood from the pulmonary and brachial arteries at rest and during exercise in a group of patients with acquired heart disease. The arteriovenous differences in the concentration of lactate, pyruvate, and free fatty acid were such as could be attributed to chance. The average concentration of glucose was slightly but significantly higher in the brachial arterial blood than in the mixed venous blood. cardiac output; lung metabolism; exercise Submitted on January 15, 1963

The Generation of Kinins in the Blood of Dogs during Hypotension Due to Haemorrhage

1970 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 349-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. E. Berry ◽  
J. G. Collier ◽  
J. R. Vane
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Venous Pressure ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Systemic Circulation ◽  
Substantial Effect ◽  
Mixed Venous Blood ◽  
Shed Blood ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Organ Technique

1. Circulating kinins were detected and continuously assayed during hypotension due to haemorrhage in dogs, using the blood-bathed organ technique and isolated strips of cat jejunum as the assay tissue. 2. In arterial blood kinin concentrations of 1–5 ng/ml were attained after a hypotension of 35–65 mmHg had been maintained for 10–190 min. When portal venous blood was simultaneously assayed kinins appeared earlier and in concentrations 1–2 ng/ml higher than in arterial blood. No differences in time course of kinin generation or in concentration were found when mixed venous blood and arterial blood were compared. In those instances in which the blood pressure was restored to normal by returning the shed blood, kinin formation stopped. 3. Kinin generation was due to the presence in the circulation of a kinin-forming enzyme, such as kallikrein. When kallikrein was infused into the portal vein, it was partially inactivated by the liver. 4. Prolonged intravenous infusions of kallikrein (20–60 mu kg−1 min−1) generated kinins in the circulation in concentrations (1–5 ng/ml) which were well maintained throughout the infusion, demonstrating that kinin generation is not limited by depletion of the precursor kininogen; nevertheless, the effects of kallikrein infusions on the blood pressure and central venous pressure waned. 5. It is concluded that in hypotension due to haemorrhage, an active kallikrein appears in the portal circulation. Delay in the appearance of kallikrein in the systemic circulation may be due to the kallikrein inactivating mechanism of the liver. This inactivating mechanism may fail during shock. Kinins are generated in amounts sufficient to have a substantial effect on the circulation and an influence on the course of events in shock.

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