scholarly journals The Secretion of Oxygen into the Swim-bladder of Fish

1961 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 527-542 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan B. Wittenberg ◽  
Beatrice A. Wittenberg
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Oxygen Carrier ◽  
Back Diffusion ◽  
Swim Bladder ◽  
Opsanus Tau ◽  
Rete Mirabile ◽  
Fixed Proportion ◽  
Cellular Oxygen ◽  
Gas Gland

Toadfish, Opsanus tau, L., were maintained in sea water equilibrated with gas mixtures containing a fixed proportion of oxygen and varying proportions of carbon monoxide. The swim-bladder was emptied by puncture, and, after an interval of 24 or 48 hours, the newly secreted gases were withdrawn and analyzed. Both carbon monoxide and oxygen are accumulated in the swim-bladder at tensions greater than ambient. The ratio of concentrations, carbon monoxide (secreted): carbon monoxide (administered) bears a constant relation to the ratio, oxygen (secreted): oxygen (administered). The value of the partition coefficient describing this relation is (α = 5.44). The two gases are considered to compete for a common intracellular carrier mediating their active transport. The suggestion is advanced that the intracellular oxygen carrier is a hemoglobin. Comparison of the proportions of carboxy- and oxyhemoglobin in the blood with the composition of the secreted gas proves that the secreted gases are not evolved directly from combination with blood hemoglobin. The suggestion is advanced that cellular oxygen secretion occurs in the rete mirabile: the rete may build up large oxygen tensions in the gas gland capillaries. It is suggested that the gas gland acts as a valve impeding back diffusion of gases from the swim-bladder.

scholarly journals The Active Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide into the Swim-Bladder of Fish

1966 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 1209-1220 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.J. KUHN ◽  
E. MARTI
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Active Transport ◽  
Bladder Pressure ◽  
Swim Bladder ◽  
Rete Mirabile ◽  
Partial Pressures ◽  
Gas Gland ◽  
Counter Current ◽  
Good Agreement

The active transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide into the swim-bladder of fish is discussed. The rete mirabile is a capillary network which is involved in the gas secretion into the bladder. The rete is regarded as a counter-current multiplier. Lactic acid which is produced in the gas gland generates in the rete single concentrating effects for oxygen and carbon dioxide; i.e., for equal partial pressures the concentrations of the gases in the afferent rete capillaries are higher than those in the efferent ones. The single concentrating effects were calculated from measurements of sea robin blood (Root, 1931). The multiplication of these effects within the rete for different rete lengths and different transport rates was numerically evaluated. The calculated O2 and CO2 pressures in the bladder are in good agreement with the experimental results of Scholander and van Dam (1953). The descent velocities at equilibrium between bladder pressure and hydrostatic pressure are discussed for fishes with different rete lengths.

scholarly journals On the function of chlorocruorin

1940 ◽  
Vol 129 (855) ◽  
pp. 137-153 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Oxygen Carrier ◽  
Significant Rise ◽  
Oxygen Concentrations

1.The oxygen consumption of Sabella decreases soon after the concentration of dissolved oxygen in the sea water falls below the value corresponding to air saturation both at 10 and 17° C. Above air saturation at 17° C there is no significant rise in oxygen consumption. 2. The oxygen consumption of Sabella whose chlorocruorin has been converted to carboxychlorocruorin is lower than that of normal worms. This is the case at air saturation of the water and at oxygen concentrations below air saturation both at 10 and 17° C. 3. The fall in oxygen consumption of the animals after treatment with carbon monoxide is not due to an action of the latter on cell enzymes. 4. It follows that chlorocruorin functions as an oxygen carrier in Sabella at all temperatures and oxygen pressures to which the animals are subjected in nature.

scholarly journals ROLES OF BUFFERING CAPACITY AND PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY ACTIVITY IN THE GAS GLAND OF THE GULF TOADFISH OPSANUS BETA

1993 ◽  
Vol 176 (1) ◽  
pp. 311-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Walsh ◽  
C. L. Milligan
Keyword(s):  
Glutathione Peroxidase ◽  
Pentose Phosphate Pathway ◽  
Oxygen Radical ◽  
Pentose Phosphate ◽  
Buffering Capacity ◽  
Pure Oxygen ◽  
Swim Bladder ◽  
Salting Out ◽  
Rete Mirabile ◽  
Gas Gland

The teleost gas gland is truly remarkable in its abilities to secrete gases into the swim bladder of physoclistous fish. The physiological and metabolic adaptations of this tissue have been elegantly summarized in a recent review article by Pelster and Scheid (1992). There are two key contributors to the function of the gland. First, a specialized metabolism of the swim bladder, involving copious and simultaneous production of lactate and CO2 from anaerobic glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway (also known as the hexose monophosphate shunt), respectively, contributes to gas exchange through pH and salting-out effects on the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. Second, a countercurrent multiplier system (i.e. a rete mirabile) enables gas tensions to be elevated further by back diffusion. Several features of metabolism and acid-base physiology remain unclear. First, despite the remarkable ability of this tissue to produce acid, it is not clear if or how intracellular pH (pHi) is regulated. Since ultimately the blood must be acidified, one would predict that the pHi of the tissue would be well regulated via high rates of membrane exchange of protons and/or high tissue buffering capacity. Second, although the functioning of the pentose phosphate pathway has been strongly inferred from measurements of enzyme activities (Bostrom et al. 1972; Pelster and Scheid, 1991), and from measurements of enhanced rates of CO2 excretion relative to the rates of oxygen uptake (Pelster et al. 1989), direct evidence for the existence of the shunt is lacking. Lastly, although the pentose phosphate pathway is expected to produce CO2, and thus contribute to the acidification of blood entering the gland, the pathway may have a different primary, or perhaps a dual, role, namely to maintain high tissue levels of NADPH for protection against oxygen radical damage to cells (Pelster and Scheid, 1992). The composition of the gas stored in the swim bladder can approach pure oxygen in some species, so it is not surprising that the teleost gas gland contains substantial levels of the enzymes catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, which scavenge deleterious radicals of oxygen and related harmful compounds (Morris and Albright, 1984). Noteworthy is glutathione peroxidase, which requires a constant supply of NADPH (presumably from the shunt) to maintain glutathione in a reduced state. Reduced glutathione is then used in a variety of oxygen radical detoxification mechanisms. If the pentose phosphate pathway has a role in oxygen detoxification, one would predict that flux rates through the pathway would increase with increased oxygen levels.

Structure of an air-breathing organ and the swim bladder in the Alaska blackfish, Dallia pectoralis Bean

1974 ◽  
Vol 52 (10) ◽  
pp. 1221-1225 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Crawford
Keyword(s):  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Striated Muscle ◽  
Longitudinal Muscle ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Swim Bladder ◽  
Respiratory Organ ◽  
Air Breathing ◽  
Rete Mirabile ◽  
Gas Gland ◽  
Muscularis Externa

Specimens of the Alaska blackfish, Dallia pectoralis Bean, were examined for an air-breathing organ. The swim bladder is modified for gas secretion, with rete mirabile and gas gland. However, the swim bladder lacks epithelial capillaries, as found in the mudminnows (Umbra). Further examination of the digestive tract has shown that the oesophagus is modified as an accessory respiratory organ. There is a sphincter between the oesophagus and stomach. Blood supply is from a branch of the coeliac artery, and venous blood from the oesophagus enters the anterior sections of the postcardinal veins. The blood vessels extend to the oesophageal epithelium, with an extensive arrangement of epithelial capillaries in the respiratory section of the oesophagus. The muscularis externa of the oesophagus is well developed, consisting of an outer transverse layer of striated muscle and inner longitudinal muscle bundles.

scholarly journals The Secretion of Oxygen into the Swim-bladder of Fish

1961 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 521-526 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan B. Wittenberg
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Species ◽  
Transport Process ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Equilibrium Mixture ◽  
Secretory Process ◽  
Gas Mixture ◽  
Swim Bladder ◽  
Oxygen Oxygen ◽  
Gas Gland ◽  
Oxygen Bond

Fish were maintained in sea water equilibrated with a gas mixture containing a non-equilibrium mixture of the three molecular species of oxygen, O18-O18 (mass 36), O18-O16 (mass 34), and O16-O16 (mass 32). Analyses in the mass spectrometer, of the gases secreted into the swim-bladder showed that no change in the relative abundance of these three molecular species had occurred during the secretory process and that therefore no exchange of atoms between oxygen molecules had occurred. Scission of the oxygen-oxygen bond probably does not occur during the transport process. It is concluded that the active transport of oxygen into the swim-bladder by the gas gland is a transport of molecular oxygen.

scholarly journals The Secretion of Oxygen into the Swim-Bladder of Fish

1964 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 337-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan B. Wittenberg ◽  
Mary J. Schwend ◽  
Beatrice A. Wittenberg
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Swim Bladder ◽  
Pomatomus Saltatrix ◽  
Rete Mirabile ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Countercurrent Exchange ◽  
Gas Gland

The secretion of carbon dioxide accompanying the secretion of oxygen into the swim-bladder of the bluefish is examined in order to distinguish among several theories which have been proposed to describe the operation of the rete mirabile, a vascular countercurrent exchange organ. Carbon dioxide may comprise 27 per cent of the gas secreted, corresponding to a partial pressure of 275 mm Hg. This is greater than the partial pressure that would be generated by acidifying arterial blood (about 55 mm Hg). The rate of secretion is very much greater than the probable rate of metabolic formation of carbon dioxide in the gas-secreting complex. It is approximately equivalent to the probable rate of glycolytic generation of lactic acid in the gas gland. It is concluded that carbon dioxide brought into the swim-bladder is liberated from blood by the addition of lactic acid. The rete mirabile must act to multiply the primary partial pressure of carbon dioxide produced by acidification of the blood. The function of the rete mirabile as a countercurrent multiplier has been proposed by Kuhn, W., Ramel, A., Kuhn, H. J., and Marti, E., Experientia, 1963, 19, 497. Our findings provide strong support for their theory. The unique structure of the gas-secreting complex of the swim-bladder of the bluefish, Pomatomus saltatrix L., is described.

scholarly journals Expression of transport proteins in the rete mirabile of european silver and yellow eel

BMC Genomics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel Schneebauer ◽  
Victoria Drechsel ◽  
Ron Dirks ◽  
Klaus Faserl ◽  
Bettina Sarg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transport Proteins ◽  
European Eel ◽  
Back Diffusion ◽  
Root Effect ◽  
Rete Mirabile ◽  
Partial Pressures ◽  
Silver Eels ◽  
Ion Channel Proteins ◽  
Gas Molecules ◽  
Gas Gland

Abstract Background In physoclist fishes filling of the swimbladder requires acid secretion of gas gland cells to switch on the Root effect and subsequent countercurrent concentration of the initial gas partial pressure increase by back-diffusion of gas molecules in the rete mirabile. It is generally assumed that the rete mirabile functions as a passive exchanger, but a detailed analysis of lactate and water movements in the rete mirabile of the eel revealed that lactate is diffusing back in the rete. In the present study we therefore test the hypothesis that expression of transport proteins in rete capillaries allows for back-diffusion of ions and metabolites, which would support the countercurrent concentrating capacity of the rete mirabile. It is also assumed that in silver eels, the migratory stage of the eel, the expression of transport proteins would be enhanced. Results Analysis of the transcriptome and of the proteome of rete mirabile tissue of the European eel revealed the expression of a large number of membrane ion and metabolite transport proteins, including monocarboxylate and glucose transport proteins. In addition, ion channel proteins, Ca2+-ATPase, Na+/K+-ATPase and also F1F0-ATP synthase were detected. In contrast to our expectation in silver eels the expression of these transport proteins was not elevated as compared to yellow eels. A remarkable number of enzymes degrading reactive oxygen species (ROS) was detected in rete capillaries. Conclusions Our results reveal the expression of a large number of transport proteins in rete capillaries, so that the back diffusion of ions and metabolites, in particular lactate, may significantly enhance the countercurrent concentrating ability of the rete. Metabolic pathways allowing for aerobic generation of ATP supporting secondary active transport mechanisms are established. Rete tissue appears to be equipped with a high ROS defense capacity, preventing damage of the tissue due to the high oxygen partial pressures generated in the countercurrent system.

scholarly journals Carbon monoxide apparent quantum yields and photoproduction in the Tyne estuary

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 703-713 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Stubbins ◽  
C. S. Law ◽  
G. Uher ◽  
R. C. Upstill-Goddard
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Natural Waters ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
River Estuary ◽  
Quantum Yields ◽  
Absorption Data ◽  
Coastal Sea ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Good Proxy ◽  
Minimum Estimate

Abstract. Carbon monoxide (CO) apparent quantum yields (AQYs) are reported for a suite of riverine, estuarine and sea water samples, spanning a range of coloured dissolved organic matter (CDOM) sources, diagenetic histories, and concentrations (absorption coefficients). CO AQYs were highest for high CDOM riverine samples and almost an order of magnitude lower for low CDOM coastal seawater samples. CO AQYs were between 47 and 80% lower at the mouth of the estuary than at its head. Whereas, a conservative mixing model predicted only 8 to 14% decreases in CO AQYs between the head and mouth of the estuary, indicating that a highly photoreactive pool of terrestrial CDOM is lost during estuarine transit. The CDOM absorption coefficient (a) at 412 nm was identified as a good proxy for CO AQYs (linear regression r2 > 0.8; n = 12) at all CO AQY wavelengths studied (285, 295, 305, 325, 345, 365, and 423 nm) and across environments (high CDOM river, low CDOM river, estuary and coastal sea). These regressions are presented as empirical proxies suitable for the remote sensing of CO AQYs in natural waters, including open ocean water, and were used to estimate CO AQY spectra and CO photoproduction in the Tyne estuary based upon annually averaged estuarine CDOM absorption data. A minimum estimate of annual CO production was determined assuming that only light absorbed by CDOM leads to the formation of CO and a maximum limit was estimated assuming that all light entering the water column is absorbed by CO producing photoreactants (i.e. that particles are also photoreactive). In this way, annual CO photoproduction in the Tyne was estimated to be between 0.99 and 3.57 metric tons of carbon per year, or 0.004 to 0.014% of riverine dissolved organic carbon (DOC) inputs to the estuary. Extrapolation of CO photoproduction rates to estimate total DOC photomineralisation indicate that less than 1% of DOC inputs are removed via photochemical processes during transit through the Tyne estuary.

Nitric oxide and carbon monoxide diffusing capacity after a 1-h oxygen dive to 9 m of sea water

2013 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 199-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. A. M. van Ooij ◽  
R. A. van Hulst ◽  
A. Houtkooper ◽  
P. J. Sterk
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Diffusing Capacity
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