Wage Rates and "Relative Economy and Fitness" in the Transportation Industry

1945 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 183
Author(s):  
Dan H. Mater
Keyword(s):  
Transportation Industry ◽  
Wage Rates

Criterion 6, indicator 37 : average wage rates, annual average income, and annual injury rates in major forest employment categories

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth Skog ◽  
Susan J. Alexander ◽  
John Bergstrom ◽  
Ken Cordell ◽  
Elizabeth Hill ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Average Wage ◽  
Average Income ◽  
Annual Average ◽  
Injury Rates ◽  
Wage Rates

The Development of Rural People: Myths and Approaches (The Quaid-i-Azam Lecture)

1988 ◽  
Vol 27 (4I) ◽  
pp. 379-395
Author(s):  
Mahmood Hasan Khan
Keyword(s):  
Physical Environment ◽  
Human Condition ◽  
Government Policies ◽  
Rural Poor ◽  
Rural People ◽  
Underdeveloped Countries ◽  
Wage Rates ◽  
Underlying Causes ◽  
Productive Land ◽  
Major Factors

Most rural populations in underdeveloped countries are poor, no matter how one defines poverty. The rural poor are neither a homogeneous group, nor is the incidence of poverty equally distributed among them. They do, however, share the underlying causes of their poverty. Landlessness (or absence of productive land) and poor prospects of employment at low wage rates are among the major factors. In some regions, the natural and physical environment exacerbates the conditions of poverty, even if the poor have reasonable entitlements to land. The prospects of improved living conditions for the rural poor depend on many factors. The major ones seem to be (a) population growth, (b) technical progress, (c) markets, and (d) public policy environment. The contribution of each of these factors is not easy to identify, because they act on the human condition in an interdependent and complex way. In most underdeveloped countries, the forces of market and government policies tend to work against the rural poor.

REMANIT 4003

Alloy Digest ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 44 (10) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Transportation Industry ◽  
Temperature Performance ◽  
Good Workability

Abstract REMANIT 4003 possesses good workability, weldability and is mainly used in the transportation industry. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, elasticity, and tensile properties. It also includes information on high temperature performance as well as forming, heat treating, machining, and joining. Filing Code: SS-615. Producer or source: Thyssen Stahl AG.

Robustness versus Performance Assessment for Different Gamma-TiAl Processing Routes

2011 ◽  
Vol 1295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Thomas
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Processing Route ◽  
Transportation Industry ◽  
Tial Alloys ◽  
Alternative Processing ◽  
Aerospace Applications ◽  
Robust Processing ◽  
Processing Techniques ◽  
Robust Process

ABSTRACTOne of the main driving force for the development of advanced structural materials is weight saving especially in the transportation industry in order to reduce CO2 emission. The utilization of gamma aluminides, as good candidates for aerospace applications, is strongly related to the development of a cost-effective and robust processing route, as far as possible. It is well established that the processing route, i.e. cast, wrought or PM, has a dramatic effect on the microstructure and texture of gamma-TiAl alloys. Therefore, significant microstructural variations through post-heat treatments coupled with compositional modifications can only guarantee a proper balance of desired properties. However, a number of metallurgical factors during the processing steps can contribute to some scattering in properties. This review will highlight several critical process variables in terms of the resulting g-TiAl microstructures. Of primary importance is the as-cast texture which is difficult to control and may contribute to prefer some alternative processing routes to ensure a better repeatability in mechanical results. Some innovative processing techniques for controlling the structure will then be presented. The main point which will be discussed in this paper is whether an approach leading to a robust process would not be at the expense of the high performance of the structural material.

scholarly journals Thermoplastic Pultrusion: A Review

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 180
Author(s):  
Kirill Minchenkov ◽  
Alexander Vedernikov ◽  
Alexander Safonov ◽  
Iskander Akhatov
Keyword(s):  
Composite Structures ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Thermoplastic Composites ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Transportation Industry ◽  
Architectural Engineering ◽  
Simulation Techniques ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
The Many ◽  
Lower Production

Pultrusion is one of the most efficient methods of producing polymer composite structures with a constant cross-section. Pultruded profiles are widely used in bridge construction, transportation industry, energy sector, and civil and architectural engineering. However, in spite of the many advantages thermoplastic composites have over the thermoset ones, the thermoplastic pultrusion market demonstrates significantly lower production volumes as compared to those of the thermoset one. Examining the thermoplastic pultrusion processes, raw materials, mechanical properties of thermoplastic composites, process simulation techniques, patents, and applications of thermoplastic pultrusion, this overview aims to analyze the existing gap between thermoset and thermoplastic pultrusions in order to promote the development of the latter one. Therefore, observing thermoplastic pultrusion from a new perspective, we intend to identify current shortcomings and issues, and to propose future research and application directions.

scholarly journals The role of unpaid domestic work in explaining the gender gap in the (monetary) value of leisure

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simona Jokubauskaitė ◽  
Reinhard Hössinger ◽  
Sergio Jara-Díaz ◽  
Stefanie Peer ◽  
Alyssa Schneebaum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Travel Time ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Time Use ◽  
Public Transport ◽  
Domestic Work ◽  
Online Data ◽  
Wage Rates ◽  
Novel Treatment ◽  
Unpaid Labor ◽  
Travel Time Savings

AbstractThe value of travel time savings (VTTS) representing the willingness to pay to reduce travel time, consists of two components: the value of liberating time [equal to the value of leisure (VoL)] and the value of time assigned to travel (VTAT), representing the travel conditions of a trip. Their relative values indicate which dimension to emphasize when investing in transport: speed or comfort. In this paper, we formulate and estimate a framework aimed at the improvement in the estimation of the VoL. By introducing a novel treatment of time assigned to domestic work, we consider that unpaid labor should be assigned a wage rate as a measure of the expenses avoided when assigning time to those chores. We use state-of-the-art data on time use and expenses as well as online data on gig workers collected in Austria, and apply the time-use and expenditure model of Jara-Diaz et al. (Transp Res Part B 42(10):946–957, 2008). The wage rates for paid and unpaid work were combined to re-formulate the budget constraint, which affected women more than men due to the higher involvement of the former in domestic activities. Compared against the original estimation, the VoL changed from €10/h for men and €6/h for women to €9/h for both genders, which in turn yields a larger average VTAT, which becomes positive for public transport. As a conclusion, the novel treatment of domestic labor contributes to closing the gap in the VoL between genders and highlights the power of unveiling the components behind the VTTS. The empirical findings imply that investments in travel time reductions rather than in comfort should be prioritized, given the very good conditions of public transport in Austria.

scholarly journals Exploring the Influence of E-Hailing Applications on the Taxi Industry—From the Perspective of the Drivers

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 77
Author(s):  
Yitong Gan ◽  
Hongchao Fan ◽  
Wei Jiao ◽  
Mengqi Sun
Keyword(s):  
Driving Behavior ◽  
Urban Traffic ◽  
Behavior Changes ◽  
Transportation Industry ◽  
Trajectory Data ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Taxi Drivers ◽  
Driving Behaviors ◽  
Taxi Industry ◽  
The Times

In China, the traditional taxi industry is conforming to the trend of the times, with taxi drivers working with e-hailing applications. This reform is of great significance, not only for the taxi industry, but also for the transportation industry, cities, and society as a whole. Our goal was to analyze the changes in driving behavior since taxi drivers joined e-hailing platforms. Therefore, this paper mined taxi trajectory data from Shanghai and compared the data of May 2015 with those of May 2017 to represent the before-app stage and the full-use stage, respectively. By extracting two-trip events (i.e., vacant trip and occupied trip) and two-spot events (i.e., pick-up spot and drop-off spot), taxi driving behavior changes were analyzed temporally, spatially, and efficiently. The results reveal that e-hailing applications mine more long-distance rides and new pick-up locations for drivers. Moreover, driver initiative have increased at night since using e-hailing applications. Furthermore, mobile payment facilities save time that would otherwise be taken sorting out change. Although e-hailing apps can help citizens get taxis faster, from the driver’s perspective, the apps do not reduce their cruising time. In general, e-hailing software reduces the unoccupied ratio of taxis and improves the operating ratio. Ultimately, new driving behaviors can increase the driver’s revenue. This work is meaningful for the formulation of reasonable traffic laws and for urban traffic decision-making.

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