Ancient Vicariance or Recent Long‐Distance Dispersal? Inferences about Phylogeny and South American–African Disjunctions in Rapateaceae and Bromeliaceae Based on ndhF Sequence Data

AbstractSamples from 73 pieces of non-structural driftwood on Heard Island (53°06′S, 73°30′E) were identified to genus or species. Thirty-one belonged to South American species of Nothofagus. The remainder, consisting mostly of conifers especially Picea and Larix, probably came from ships' cargoes. The assemblage is similar to those reported, from smaller samples, on other southern islands. Other items of flotsam, including fishing buoys and drift-cards, are also reported from Heard Island. The significance of driftwood transport from South America to the island in accounting for long-distance dispersal of terrestrial and intertidal organisms is discussed.

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Long-distance dispersal of the beach strawberry, Fragaria chiloensis, from North America to Chile and Hawaii

Annals of Botany ◽

10.1093/aob/mcaa165 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

James F Hancock ◽

Harold H Prince

Keyword(s):

North America ◽

Bird Migration ◽

Aleutian Islands ◽

South American ◽

Rocky Shores ◽

Long Distance Dispersal ◽

Feeding Preferences ◽

Long Distance ◽

Central California ◽

Fragaria Chiloensis

Abstract Background and Aims The beach strawberry, Fragaria chiloensis, is found in a narrow coastal band from the Aleutian Islands to central California and then jumps thousands of kilometres all the way to Hawaii and Chile. As it probably had a North American origin, it must have been introduced to the other locations by long-distance dispersal. The aim of this study was to determine which agent carried the beach strawberry to its Pacific and South American locations. Methods A deductive framework was constructed to separate between the possible modes of long-distance dispersal involving animals, wind and ocean currents. Bird migration was subsequently identified as the most likely scenario, and then the routes, habitats, feeding preferences and flight distances of all the shorebird species were evaluated to determine the most likely carrier. Key Results Six species migrate between North America and Chile and feed on the beaches and rocky shores where F. chiloensis grows naturally: Black-bellied Plovers, Greater Yellowlegs, Ruddy Turnstones, Sanderlings, Whimbrels and Willets. Of these, only two eat fruit and migrate in long continuous flight: Ruddy Turnstones and Whimbrels. Two species travel between North America and Hawaii, eat fruit and forage on the beaches and rocky shores where F. chiloensis grows naturally: Pacific Golden-plovers and Ruddy Turnstones. Ruddy Turnstones eat far less fruit than Pacific Golden-plovers and Whimbrels, making them less likely to have introduced the beach strawberry to either location. Conclusions We provide evidence that F. chiloesis seeds were probably dispersed to Hawaii by Pacific Golden-plovers and to Chile by Whimbrels.

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The genus Menegazzia (Lecanorales: Parmeliaceae) in Tasmania revisited

The Lichenologist ◽

10.1017/s0024282911000685 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 44 (2) ◽

pp. 189-246 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Gintaras KANTVILAS

Keyword(s):

New Zealand ◽

South American ◽

Long Distance Dispersal ◽

Species Relationships ◽

Major Area ◽

South American Species ◽

Long Distance ◽

Macquarie Island ◽

New Synonyms ◽

First Time

AbstractWith 30 species, Tasmania is a major area of species diversity in the genus Menegazzia. Seven of these are new to science: M. abscondita Kantvilas, known from Tasmania and New Zealand, and M. athrotaxidis Kantvilas, M. hypogymnioides Kantvilas, M. petraea Kantvilas, M. ramulicola Kantvilas, M. subtestacea Kantvilas and M. tarkinea Kantvilas, all endemic to Tasmania. An identification key, descriptions based exclusively on Tasmanian collections, and detailed discussion of distribution, ecology, chemical composition and inter-species relationships are provided. All literature records of Menegazzia species pertaining to Tasmania are accounted for. New synonyms include: Menegazzia prototypica P. James and Parmelia pertusa var. coskinodes F. Wilson [synonyms of M. myriotrema (Müll. Arg.) R. Sant.], M. fertilis P. James [a synonym of M. platytrema (Müll. Arg.) R. Sant.] and Parmelia pertusa var. montana F. Wilson (a synonym of M. subtestacea). Incorrectly recorded species that should be deleted from the Tasmanian census include M. castanea P. James & D. J. Galloway (present on Macquarie Island) and M. testacea P. James & D. J. Galloway (endemic to New Zealand). The South American species, M. sanguinascens (Räs.) R. Sant., is recorded in Australasia (Tasmania) for the first time, whereas the widespread south-eastern Australian M. norstictica P. James is recorded for Western Australia. Salient features of the genus are discussed, including morphology, anatomy and chemistry. The biogeography of the genus is explored briefly. Twelve species (40%) are endemic to Tasmania, a level of endemism unmatched by any other species-rich genus on the island. Twelve species are shared with mainland Australia, eleven are shared with New Zealand, and only four species are shared with southern South America, all of which are sorediate, suggesting they are products of long-distance dispersal.

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Resolving the northern hemisphere source region for the long-distance dispersal event that gave rise to the South American endemic dung mossTetraplodon fuegianus

American Journal of Botany ◽

10.3732/ajb.1700144 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 104 (11) ◽

pp. 1651-1659 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Lily R. Lewis ◽

Elisabeth M. Biersma ◽

Sarah B. Carey ◽

Kent Holsinger ◽

Stuart F. McDaniel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Northern Hemisphere ◽

Source Region ◽

South American ◽

Long Distance Dispersal ◽

The South ◽

Long Distance

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Floristics of the South American Páramo Moss Flora

Bryophyte Diversity and Evolution ◽

10.11646/bde.2.1.10 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 127-132

Author(s):

Dana Griffin III

Keyword(s):

South America ◽

Southern Hemisphere ◽

Cloud Forest ◽

South American ◽

Long Distance Dispersal ◽

The South ◽

Long Distance ◽

Late Pliocene ◽

Northern Andes ◽

The Past

The South American paramos appeared in Pliocene times and persist to the present day. The moss flora of this habitat consists of an estimated 400 species that comprise 8 floristic groups. In Venezuela these groups and their percent representation are as follows: neotropical 37%, Andean 26%, cosmopolitan 18%, Andean-African 8%, neotropical-Asiatic 3%, neotropical-Australasian 2%, temperate Southern Hemisphere 2% and northern boreal-temperate 2%. Acrocarpous taxa outnumber pleurocarps by nearly 3:1. The neotropical and Andean floristic stocks likely were present prior to late Pliocene orogenies that elevated the cordillera above climatic timberlines. These species may have existed in open, marshy areas (paramillos) or may have evolved from cloud forest ancestors. Taxa of northern boreal- temperate affinities, including those with Asiatic distributions, probably arrived in the paramos during the Pleistocene, a period which may also have seen the establishment in the Northern Andes of some cosmopolitan elements. Species with temperate Southern Hemisphere and Australasian affinities likely spread first to austral South America thence migrated northward during a cool, moist interval sometime over the past 2.5-3 million years or may have become established in the paramos as a result of long- distance dispersal.

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A new family placement for Australian blue squill, Chamaescilla: Xanthorrhoeaceae (Hemerocallidoideae), not Asparagaceae

Phytotaxa ◽

10.11646/phytotaxa.275.2.2 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 275 (2) ◽

pp. 97 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

TODD G.B. McLAY ◽

MICHAEL J. BAYLY

Keyword(s):

Grain Shape ◽

Sequence Data ◽

Phylogenetic Analyses ◽

Morphological Characters ◽

Pollen Grain ◽

Long Distance Dispersal ◽

Long Distance ◽

Dna Sequence Data ◽

New Family ◽

Australian Family

Chamaescilla is an endemic Australian genus, currently placed in the Asparagaceae, alongside other Australian endemic taxa in the tribe Lomandroideae. A recent molecular phylogeny indicated a relationship with another partly Australian family, the Xanthorrhoeaceae, but was not commented on by the authors. Here we added DNA sequence data for a single Chamaescilla specimen to an alignment representing all families in the Asparagales and performed parsimony and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses. Chamaescilla was strongly resolved as belonging to Xanthorrhoeaceae, subfamily Hemerocallidoideae, alongside two non-Australian members, Simethis and Hemerocallis in the hemerocallid clade. This position is corroborated by morphological characters, including pollen grain shape. We also produced an age-calibrated phylogeny and infer that the geographic distribution of the clade is the result of long distance dispersal between the Eocene and Miocene.

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Cox2 community barcoding at Prince Edward Island reveals long-distance dispersal of a downy mildew species and potentially marine members of the Saprolegniaceae

Mycological Progress ◽

10.1007/s11557-021-01687-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 20 (4) ◽

pp. 509-516

Author(s):

Julia A. F. Langer ◽

Rahul Sharma ◽

Bora Nam ◽

Louis Hanic ◽

Maarten Boersma ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Prince Edward Island ◽

Sequence Data ◽

Marine Species ◽

Global Ocean ◽

Plankton Sample ◽

Long Distance Dispersal ◽

Long Distance ◽

Marine Food Webs ◽

Bona Fide ◽

Globally Distributed

AbstractMarine oomycetes are highly diverse, globally distributed, and play key roles in marine food webs as decomposers, food source, and parasites. Despite their potential importance in global ocean ecosystems, marine oomycetes are comparatively little studied. Here, we tested if the primer pair cox2F_Hud and cox2-RC4, which is already well-established for phylogenetic investigations of terrestrial oomycetes, can also be used for high-throughput community barcoding. Community barcoding of a plankton sample from Brudenell River (Prince Edward Island, Canada), revealed six distinct oomycete OTU clusters. Two of these clusters corresponded to members of the Peronosporaceae—one could be assigned to Peronospora verna, an obligate biotrophic pathogen of the terrestrial plant Veronica serpyllifolia and related species, the other was closely related to Globisporangium rostratum. While the detection of the former in the sample is likely due to long-distance dispersal from the island, the latter might be a bona fide marine species, as several cultivable species of the Peronosporaceae are known to withstand high salt concentrations. Two OTU lineages could be assigned to the Saprolegniaceae. While these might represent marine species of the otherwise terrestrial genus, it is also conceivable that they were introduced on detritus from the island. Two additional OTU clusters were grouped with the early-diverging oomycete lineages but could not be assigned to a specific family. This reflects the current underrepresentation of cox2 sequence data which will hopefully improve with the increasing interest in marine oomycetes.

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Evolutionary Dynamics And Geographic Dispersal Of Beta Coronaviruses In African Bats

10.1101/2020.05.14.056085 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Babatunde Olanrewaju Motayo ◽

Olukunle Oluwapamilerin Oluwasemowo ◽

Paul Akiniyi Akinduti

Keyword(s):

Evolutionary Dynamics ◽

Evolutionary Rate ◽

Sequence Data ◽

Reservoir Host ◽

South American ◽

The Novel ◽

Long Distance ◽

Evolutionary Origins ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

African Bats

ABSTRACTBats have been shown to serve as reservoir host of various viral agents including coronaviruses. They have also been associated with the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. This has made them an all important agent for CoV evolution and transmission. Our objective in this study was to investigate the dispersal, phylogenomics and evolution of betacoronavirus (βCoV) among African bats. We retrieved sequence data from established databases such as GenBank and Virus Pathogen Resource, covering the partial RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) gene of Bat coronaviruses from eight African, three Asian, five European, two South American countries and Australia. We analyzed for Phylogeographic information relating to genetic diversity and evolutionary dynamics. Our study revealed that majority of the African strains fell within Norbecovirus subgenera, with an Evolutionary rate of 1.301 × 10−3, HPD (1.064 × 10−3 – 1.434 × 10−3) subs/site/year. The African strains diversified into three main subgenera, Norbecovirus, Hibecovirus and Marbecovirus. The time to most common recent ancestor for Norbecovirus strains was 1968, and 2010, for the African Marbecovirus strains. There was evidence of inter species transmission of Norbecovirus among bats in Cameroun and DRC. Phlylogeography showed that there were inter-continental spread of Bt-CoV from Europe, China and Hong Kong into Central and Southern Africa, highlighting the possibility of long distance transmission. Our study has elucidated the possible evolutionary origins of βCoV among African bats, we therefore advocate for broader studies of whole genome sequences of BtCoV to further understand the drivers for their emergence and zoonotic spillovers into human population.

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Evolutionary dynamics and geographic dispersal of beta coronaviruses in African bats

PeerJ ◽

10.7717/peerj.10434 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

pp. e10434

Author(s):

Babatunde O. Motayo ◽

Olukunle Oluwapamilerin Oluwasemowo ◽

Paul A. Akinduti

Keyword(s):

Evolutionary Dynamics ◽

Evolutionary Rate ◽

Sequence Data ◽

Reservoir Host ◽

South American ◽

The Novel ◽

Long Distance ◽

Evolutionary Origins ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

African Bats

Bats have been shown to serve as reservoir host of various viral agents including coronaviruses. They have also been associated with the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. This has made them an all important agent for CoV evolution and transmission. Our objective in this study was to investigate the dispersal, phylogenomics and evolution of betacoronavirus (βCoV) among African bats. We retrieved sequence data from established databases such as GenBank and Virus Pathogen Resource, covering the partial RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) gene of bat coronaviruses from eight African, three Asian, five European, two South American countries and Australia. We analyzed for phylogeographic information relating to genetic diversity and evolutionary dynamics. Our study revealed that majority of the African strains fell within Norbecovirus subgenera, with an evolutionary rate of 1.301 × 10−3, HPD (1.064 × 10−3–1.434 × 10−3) subs/site/year. The African strains diversified into three main subgenera, Norbecovirus, Hibecovirus and Merbecovirus. The time to most common recent ancestor for Norbecovirus strains was 1973, and 2007, for the African Merbecovirus strains. There was evidence of inter species transmission of Norbecovirus among bats in Cameroun and DRC. Phlylogeography showed that there were inter-continental spread of Bt-CoV from Europe, China and Hong Kong into Central and Southern Africa, highlighting the possibility of long distance transmission. Our study has elucidated the possible evolutionary origins of βCoV among African bats; we therefore advocate for broader studies of whole genome sequences of BtCoV to further understand the drivers for their emergence and zoonotic spillovers into human population.

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Justicieae II: Resolved Placement of Many Genera and Recognition of a New Lineage Sister to Isoglossinae

Aliso ◽

10.5642/aliso.20213801.02 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 38 (1) ◽

pp. 1-31

Author(s):

Lucinda McDade ◽

Carrie Kiel ◽

Thomas Daniel ◽

Iain Darbyshire

Keyword(s):

Phylogenetic Relationships ◽

Pollen Morphology ◽

Sequence Data ◽

Molecular Data ◽

Long Distance Dispersal ◽

Taxonomic Assignment ◽

Long Distance ◽

The Pacific ◽

Rapid Diversification ◽

Phylogenetic Framework

We present phylogenetic results for Justicieae, the largest of the major lineages of Acanthaceae. With 300% more sequence data and a similarly increased but also more geographically representative taxon sample compared to the only previous study of the lineage as a whole, we confirm the existence of the Pseuderanthemum Lineage, Isoglossinae, the Tetramerium Lineage and the Justicioid Lineage. To the last three lineages, we add a number of taxa with the goal of advancing our knowledge of genera (e.g., Isoglossa, Rhinacanthus) and of geographic areas (e.g., Malagasy and Asian Acanthaceae). These added taxa are accommodated within the phylogenetic framework for the lineages established in our earlier work with one exception. The monospecific genus Ichthyostoma is not placed in any of the established lineages but is instead sister to (Tetramerium Lineage + Justicioid Lineage). As this result is unexpected, we examined topologies both including and excluding this plant which revealed that other aspects of relationships remain stable whether Ichthyostoma is included or not. We point to Ichthyostoma as one of several Justicieae that will benefit from additional study. One species of Isoglossa is placed in the Tetramerium Lineage instead of with all other sampled members of the genus in Isoglossinae. Pollen morphology of I. variegata is more consistent with its phylogenetic placement here than with its taxonomic assignment to Isoglossa. As suggested in our earlier work, pollen morphology can be a powerful signal of phylogenetic relationships in Justicieae. With our increased sampling, we show that the Ptyssiglottis Lineage, a relatively small group of African and Asian plants, warrants recognition separate from Isoglossinae. With the addition of the Ptyssiglottis Lineage and excluding Ichthyostoma for now, the lineages of Justicieae are related as follows: (Pseuderanthemum Lineage ((Isoglossinae + Ptyssiglottis Lineage) (Tetramerium Lineage + Justicioid Lineage))). The Pseuderanthemum Lineage has been understudied to date and we here attempt to include representatives of all genera that are putatively part of this lineage and also to test monophyly of the larger genera. We identify a number of strongly supported clades but some aspects of relationship remain unresolved. Asystasia, Graptophyllum, Oplonia, and Pseuderanthemum are not monophyletic although, with a small number of nomenclatural changes, the first and second can be rendered monophyletic. With a range essentially as extensive as that of Justicieae as a whole, the Pseuderanthemum Lineage is biogeographically complex with patterns of distribution suggestive of multiple shifts between continents including Australia and parts of the Pacific basin. The calibrated phylogeny confirms that intercontinental shifts in distribution across Justicieae must have been by long-distance dispersal rather than by vicariance or stepwise dispersal over land bridges and also points to a number of groups that have potentially undergone rapid diversification. The Pseuderanthemum Lineage, in particular, requires considerable additional research to both understand relationships and achieve an informative taxonomy for the group. Although we here establish a phylogenetic framework across Justicieae, Next Generation Sequence data will be necessary to elucidate details of relationships in most lineages. Additional study of structural characters is also warranted as we continue to be unable to identify structural synapomorphies for a number of aspects of phylogenetic relationships that are very strongly supported by molecular data.

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