Museum Studies in Material Culture. Susan M. Pearce

1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 306-307
2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Octave Debary

Le peu, l’altéré, le n’importe quoi, le rien… que contiennent tous ces restes ? Au bord de l’oubli comme de la disparition, les restes sont souvent marqués par la disqualification sociale, par le rejet ou la mise au ban de la société (Douglas 1966). C’est au passage de ces seuils que l’anthropologie tente de comprendre leur valeur. Marcel Mauss (1931) en fera une règle heuristique en invitant les ethnographes à collecter les objets déchus, tous révélateurs de la richesse d’un temps quotidien, ordinaire, en train de passer. On peut regarder une société à partir de ce qu’elle dévalorise et rejette, s’attacher davantage à «une boîte de conserve qu’à son bijou le plus somptueux » ; « en fouillant un tas d’ordures, on peut comprendre toute la vie d’une société » (8-9). L’anthropologie s’est toujours intéressée aux objets, faisant de leur collecte, de leur conservation et de leur exposition un complément à son discours. Elle s’est ainsi exposée à travers les vitrines de ses musées, véritables théâtres d’objets et de mise en scène des cultures. A la fin du XXe siècle, cet intérêt pour la culture matérielle s’est prolongé par le développement des Material Culture Studies, Museum Studies puis par l’anthropologie des sciences et des techniques. Mais l’objet comme reste, objet de l’entre-deux, incertain et instable, n’est pas devenu un thème de prédilection de la discipline. Les penseurs qui l’ont abordé se trouvent à ses marges, comme Pierre Sansot (2009) ou Giorgio Agamben (1999), voire dans l’indiscipline, comme Georges Bataille (1949). Le premier voit dans les petits restes du quotidien (reliefs d’un repas, objets de son enfance ou de vide-greniers…), autant d’inachèvements qui marquent notre finitude et qu’il convient de célébrer. Le second fait du reste une part inaliénable de la condition humaine et de la possibilité d’en témoigner –même après Auschwitz. Quant à Bataille, il fait de la destruction (glorieuse ou catastrophique) des surplus de richesses d’une société (ses restes non consommés, sa part maudite ou sacrée) la condition de son unité. L’anthropologie, elle, se tourne davantage vers l’analyse des différentes formes de requalification des restes. Elle étudie la manière dont un collectif reconduit leur existence en suivant leur trajectoire, leur carrière ou leur biographie. Comment, par différentes opérations de requalification sociale, ils retrouvent une nouvelle valeur, un nouvel avenir, une alternative à leur perte. De la poubelle au musée, ces différents arts d’accommoder les restes ont donné lieu à des recherches consacrées aux déchets (Thompson 1979 ; Rathje, Murphy 1992). Au début des années 1970, l’anthropologue William Rathje développe le Garbage Project à Tucson (Arizona) avant de l’étendre à d’autres villes américaines pendant plus de 20 ans. En s’appuyant sur la valeur biographique et archivistique des déchets, il montre que leur étude permet de comprendre les modes de vie des consommateurs. Dans cette économie du rejet quotidien, les poubelles comme les décharges sont traitées comme des « lieux de mémoire » propices à une archéologie du social. Ces recherches ont été menées en allant recueillir directement les sacs d’ordures chez les gens ou en fouillant des décharges. Leur étude (classement, inventaire) vise à comprendre l’articulation entre ce qui est rejeté et les représentations des pratiques de consommation. On trouve également des études qui portent sur les objets de seconde main (Gregson, Crewe 2003 ; Gabel et al. 2012), l’art, le patrimoine, la mémoire ou les musées (Kirshenblatt-Gimblett 1998). Ces analyses insistent sur la notion de valeur comme sur celle de temps : la valeur des restes vient de leur traversée de l’histoire. Une anthropologie des restes permet ainsi de comprendre comment une société traite de son histoire à travers les usages qu’elle réserve à ce qui résiste à la disparition. Le reste renvoie l’identité à son autre en traçant les frontières de ce qui ne relève pas ou plus d’elle. Il soumet l’identité au traitement de son altération. En dépérissant, il énonce le temps qui passe. La question de la discontinuité historique, des différents « régimes d’historicité » (Hartog 2003), peut être abordée au regard du sort réservé aux restes. Ils engagent différentes formes de retraitement ou de recyclage culturel de l’histoire. Au-delà d’une dimension écologique, l’enjeu de ces requalifications s’ouvre à un projet d’anthropologie générale. A partir de l’usage de ces restes, on cherche à comprendre ce qu’en font les communautés qui les conservent (Godelier 1997), les requalifient ou parfois les détruisent. Restes sacrés (de dieux, de choses ou d’hommes) dont les modalités d’existence et de transmission permettent de témoigner d’une culture. Témoignages d'identités, d'humanités, à travers lesquels une société vient rendre compte de son histoire, lui rendre un compte. Signant et signifiant ses peines, comme ses joies, face à la perte de son propre référent : le temps qui passe.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Ryan Brown-Haysom

<p>Recent years have seen a revival of interest in material objects in the humanities generally, and in Museum Studies in particular. Although the influence of this 'material turn' is still in its early stages, one of the manifestations of the renewed interest in the 'life of things' has been the growth of interest in Actor-Network Theory, a branch of sociological analysis which attempts to reconstruct the networks of agency through which social existence is created and maintained. One of the more controversial aspects of Actor-Network Theory (or ANT) is its willingness to concede a level of agency to non-human and inanimate actors in these 'assemblages'. For Museum Studies, the relevance of this theoretical framework lies in the analysis of museums both as assemblages in their own right, and as actants in a network of other sites, institutions, technologies, ideologies, and objects. Museum objects, long viewed as inert, can be seen instead as participants in the 'shuffle of agency' that constitutes institutions and inducts them into wider patterns of social activity.  This dissertation uses the case study of Egyptian mummies in New Zealand museums to gauge the usefulness of an ANT-based approach to writing the 'life-history of objects'. Borrowing the concept of the 'object biography' from Kopytoff and Appadurai, it attempts to construct such a history of the five complete Egyptian mummies in New Zealand’s public museums. Using the principles of Actor-Network Theory, it attempts to trace the ways in which mummies have been constituted as 'meaningful objects' through the examination of the ways in which they have moved through different assemblages, both globally and within New Zealand, during the twelve years from 1885 to 1897. This was the period during which all five Egyptian mummies entered New Zealand collections, traversing networks of imperialism, scientific knowledge, religious knowledge, and exchange. In the course of their movement through these diverse assemblages, the meaning of mummies – inside and outside the public museum – could be construed in radically different ways.  This dissertation considers the usefulness of such a methodology for Museum Studies and Material Culture Studies, and considers the potential benefits and pitfalls of writing about assemblages for those who want to consider the life-history of objects.</p>


Author(s):  
Gavin Lucas

Studies of collecting and fieldwork in the disciplines of archaeology and socio-cultural anthropology are relatively undeveloped, but in the last decade there has been a noticeable rise in interest as part of a broader reflexivity in the practices of these and related disciplines. Collecting, studied from a psychological perspective has a longer history, especially through Freudian interpretations that linked it with the anal retentive stage, thus associating it with certain personality traits. However, as part of a wider discourse, it is a fairly recent topic of investigation and has been generally approached either in the context of consumer research or more commonly, museum studies. This article traces the consequences of fieldwork and ways of interpreting the same. This distinction shares a similar focus on retrieving and collecting material culture. This article further discusses the status of fieldwork as it is today with special reference to anthropology and archaeology.


2017 ◽  
pp. 34-60
Author(s):  
Anu Kannike ◽  
Ester Bardone

Kitchen space and kitchen equipment as interpreted by Estonian museums Recent exhibitions focusing on kitchen spaces – “Köök” (Kitchen) at the Hiiumaa Museum (September 2015 to September 2016), “Köök. Muutuv ruum, disain ja tarbekunst Eestis” (The Kitchen. Changing space, design and applied art in Estonia) at the Estonian Museum of Applied Art and Design (February to May 2016) and “Süüa me teeme” (We Make Food) at the Estonian National Museum (opened in October 2016) – are noteworthy signs of food culture-related themes rearing their head on our museum landscape. Besides these exhibitions, in May 2015, the Seto farm and Peipsi Old Believer’s House opened as new attractions at the Open Air Museum, displaying kitchens from south-eastern and eastern Estonia. Compared to living rooms, kitchens and kitchen activities have not been documented very much at museums and the amount of extant pictures and drawings is also modest. Historical kitchen milieus have for the most part vanished without a trace. Estonian museums’ archives also contain few photos of kitchens or people working in kitchens, or of everyday foods, as they were not considered worthy of research or documentation. The article examines comparatively how the museums were able to overcome these challenges and offer new approaches to kitchens and kitchen culture. The analysis focuses on aspects related to material culture and museum studies: how the material nature of kitchens and kitchen activities were presented and how objects were interpreted and displayed. The research is based on museum visits, interviews with curators and information about exhibitions in museum publications and in the media. The new directions in material culture and museum studies have changed our understanding of museum artefacts, highlighting ways of connecting with them directly – physically and emotionally. Items are conceptualized not only as bearers of meaning or interpretation but also as experiential objects. Kitchens are analysed more and more as a space where domestic practices shape complicated kitchen ecologies that become interlaced with sets of things, perceptions and skills – a kind of integrative field. At the Estonian museums’ exhibitions, kitchens were interpreted as lived and living spaces, in which objects, ideas and practices intermingle. The development of the historical environment was clearly delineated but it was not chronological reconstructions that claimed the most prominent role; rather, the dynamics of kitchen spaces were shown through the changes in the objects and practices. All of the exhibits brought out the social life of the items, albeit from a different aspect. While the Museum of Applied Art and Design and the Estonian Open Air Museum focused more on the general and typical aspects, the Hiiumaa Museum and the National Museum focused on biographical perspective – individual choices and subjective experiences. The sensory aspects of materiality were more prominent in these exhibitions and expositions than in previous exhibitions that focused on material culture of Estonian museums, as they used different activities to engage with visitors. At the Open Air Museum, they become living places through food preparation events or other living history techniques. The Hiiumaa Museum emphasized the kitchen-related practices through personal stories of “mistresses of the house” as well as the changes over time in the form of objects with similar functions. At the Museum of Applied Art and Design, design practices or ideal practices were front and centre, even as the meanings associated with the objects tended to remain concealed. The National Museum enabled visitors to look into professional and home kitchens, see food being prepared and purchased through videos and photos and intermediated the past’s everyday actions, by showing biographical objects and stories. The kitchen as an exhibition topic allowed the museums to experiment new ways of interpreting and presenting this domestic space. The Hiiumaa Museum offered the most integral experience in this regard, where the visitor could enter kitchens connected to one another, touch and sense their materiality in a direct and intimate manner. The Open Air Museum’s kitchens with a human face along with the women busy at work there foster a home-like impression. The Applied Art and Design Museum and the National Museum used the language of art and audiovisual materials to convey culinary ideals and realities; the National Museum did more to get visitors to participate in critical thinking and contextualization of exhibits. Topics such as the extent to which dialogue, polyphony and gender themes were used to represent material culture in the museum context came to the fore more clearly than in the past. Although every exhibition had its own profile, together they produced a cumulative effect, stressing, through domestic materiality, the uniqueness of history of Estonian kitchens on one hand, and on the other hand, the dilemmas of modernday consumer culture. All of the kitchen exhibitions were successful among the visitors, but problems also emerged in connection with the collection and display of material culture in museums. The dearth of depositories, disproportionate representation of items in collections and gaps in background information point to the need to organize collection and acquisition efforts and exhibition strategies in a more carefully thought out manner and in closer cooperation between museums.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Ryan Brown-Haysom

<p>Recent years have seen a revival of interest in material objects in the humanities generally, and in Museum Studies in particular. Although the influence of this 'material turn' is still in its early stages, one of the manifestations of the renewed interest in the 'life of things' has been the growth of interest in Actor-Network Theory, a branch of sociological analysis which attempts to reconstruct the networks of agency through which social existence is created and maintained. One of the more controversial aspects of Actor-Network Theory (or ANT) is its willingness to concede a level of agency to non-human and inanimate actors in these 'assemblages'. For Museum Studies, the relevance of this theoretical framework lies in the analysis of museums both as assemblages in their own right, and as actants in a network of other sites, institutions, technologies, ideologies, and objects. Museum objects, long viewed as inert, can be seen instead as participants in the 'shuffle of agency' that constitutes institutions and inducts them into wider patterns of social activity.  This dissertation uses the case study of Egyptian mummies in New Zealand museums to gauge the usefulness of an ANT-based approach to writing the 'life-history of objects'. Borrowing the concept of the 'object biography' from Kopytoff and Appadurai, it attempts to construct such a history of the five complete Egyptian mummies in New Zealand’s public museums. Using the principles of Actor-Network Theory, it attempts to trace the ways in which mummies have been constituted as 'meaningful objects' through the examination of the ways in which they have moved through different assemblages, both globally and within New Zealand, during the twelve years from 1885 to 1897. This was the period during which all five Egyptian mummies entered New Zealand collections, traversing networks of imperialism, scientific knowledge, religious knowledge, and exchange. In the course of their movement through these diverse assemblages, the meaning of mummies – inside and outside the public museum – could be construed in radically different ways.  This dissertation considers the usefulness of such a methodology for Museum Studies and Material Culture Studies, and considers the potential benefits and pitfalls of writing about assemblages for those who want to consider the life-history of objects.</p>


2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 207-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Jones ◽  
Suzanne MacLeod

Using a series of illustrative examples throughout, we make an argument for the inclusion of sociological studies of museum architecture in museum studies, as well as advocating a series of methodological positions for future research. In short, the aim here is to provide students of both the museum and architecture with a route into the field - as well as a preliminary bibliography - while making the case for the need for increased engagement with the physical material of museums. Drawing on the widened scope of analytical possibilities represented by contemporary sociological analyses of architecture and the built environment, the paper sets forward an understanding of museum architecture as having a complex and entangled relationship with the museum institution and the variety of users of such (both actual and potential). Developing a threefold typology with the polemic intention to encourage increased research engagement with museums’ architectural forms, the paper is motivated by a desire to both showcase and advocate for the wide scope of analytical possibilities associated with sociological analyses of museum architecture.Key words: sociology; museums; architecture; design; material culture.


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