Locomotory Capacities, Oxygen Consumption, and the Cost of Locomotion of the Shingle-Back Lizard (Trachydosaurus rugosus)

1986 ◽  
Vol 59 (5) ◽  
pp. 523-531 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry B. John-Alder ◽  
Theodore Garland ◽  
Albert F. Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Cost Of Locomotion ◽  
The Cost

The respiratory metabolism of temperature-adapted flatfish at rest and during swimming activity and the use of anaerobic metabolism at moderate swimming speeds

1982 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 359-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. G. Duthie
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
White Muscle ◽  
Anaerobic Metabolism ◽  
Swimming Activity ◽  
Respiratory Metabolism ◽  
Maximum Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Cost Of Locomotion ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Relationship

(1) The standard oxygen consumption and the oxygen consumption during measured swimming activity have been determined in three flatfish species at 5, 10 and 15 degrees C. (2) The relationship between weight and standard oxygen consumption for flatfish conform to the general relationship Y = aWb. On an interspecies basis, standard oxygen consumption of flatfish is significantly lower than that of roundfish. (3) A semilogarithmic model describes the relationship between oxygen consumption and swimming speed for the three species. Values for maximum oxygen consumption, metabolic scopes and critical swimming speeds are low in comparison to salmonids. (4) The optimum swimming speeds and critical swimming speeds of flatfish are similar. It is suggested that, over long distances, flatfish adopt a strategy of swimming at supercritical speeds with periods of intermittent rest to repay the accrued oxygen debt. (5) Elevated lactic acid levels in flounder white muscle after moderate swimming indicate an additional 15% anaerobic contribution to the cost of locomotion as calculated from aerobic considerations.

Energetics of ascent: insects on inclines

1990 ◽  
Vol 149 (1) ◽  
pp. 307-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Full ◽  
A. Tullis
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Minimum Cost ◽  
Metabolic Cost ◽  
Metabolic Energy ◽  
Stride Frequency ◽  
Energetic Cost ◽  
Incline Angle ◽  
Small Animals ◽  
Cost Of Locomotion ◽  
The Cost

Small animals use more metabolic energy per unit mass than large animals to run on a level surface. If the cost to lift one gram of mass one vertical meter is constant, small animals should require proportionally smaller increases in metabolic cost to run uphill. To test this hypothesis on very small animals possessing an exceptional capacity for ascending steep gradients, we measured the metabolic cost of locomotion in the cockroach, Periplaneta americana, running at angles of 0, 45 and 90 degrees to the horizontal. Resting oxygen consumption (VO2rest) was not affected by incline angle. Steady-state oxygen consumption (VO2ss) increased linearly with speed at all angles of ascent. The minimum cost of locomotion (the slope of the VO2ss versus speed function) increased with increasing angle of ascent. The minimum cost of locomotion on 45 and 90 degrees inclines was two and three times greater, respectively, than the cost during horizontal running. The cockroach's metabolic cost of ascent greatly exceeds that predicted from the hypothesis of a constant efficiency for vertical work. Variations in stride frequency and contact time cannot account for the high metabolic cost, because they were independent of incline angle. An increase in the metabolic cost or amount of force production may best explain the increase in metabolic cost. Small animals, such as P. americana, can easily scale vertical surfaces, but the energetic cost is considerable.

Effect of variation in form on the cost of terrestrial locomotion

1990 ◽  
Vol 150 (1) ◽  
pp. 233-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Full ◽  
D. A. Zuccarello ◽  
A. Tullis
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Minimum Cost ◽  
Metabolic Cost ◽  
Interspecific Variation ◽  
American Cockroach ◽  
Field Cricket ◽  
Terrestrial Locomotion ◽  
Cost Of Locomotion ◽  
The Cost

The mass-specific minimum cost of terrestrial locomotion (Cmin) decreases with an increase in body mass. This generalization spans nearly eight orders of magnitude in body mass and includes two phyla. The general relationship between metabolic cost and mass is striking. However, a significant amount of unexplained interspecific variation in Cmin exists at any given body mass. To determine how variation in morphology and physiology affects metabolic energy cost, we measured the oxygen consumption of three comparably sized insects running on a miniature treadmill; the American cockroach Periplaneta americana, the caterpillar hunting beetle Calosoma affine and the Australian field cricket Teleogryllus commodus. Steady-state oxygen consumption (VO2ss) increased linearly with speed. Cmin was similar for crickets and cockroaches (8.0 and 8.5 ml O2 g-1km-1, respectively), but was substantially lower for beetles (4.6 ml O2 g-1km-1). The predicted value of Cmin for all three insects was within the 95% confidence intervals of the Cmin versus body mass function. However, the 95% confidence intervals extend approximately 2.5-fold above and 40% below the regression line, making the variation at any given body mass nearly sixfold. Normalizing for the rate of muscle force production by determining the metabolic cost per stride failed to account for the interspecific variation in the cost of locomotion observed in the three insects. Ground contact costs (i.e. VO2ss multiplied by leg contact time during a stride) in insects were similar to those measured in mammals (1.5-3.1 J kg-1) and were independent of speed, but did not explain the interspecific variation in the cost of locomotion. Muscles of the caterpillar hunting beetle may have a greater mechanical advantage than muscles of the Australian field cricket and American cockroach. Variation in musculo-skeletal arrangement, apart from variation in body mass, could translate into significant differences in the minimum cost of terrestrial locomotion.

Respiration in exercising fowl. I. Oxygen consumption, respiratory rate and respired gases

1981 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
pp. 317-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Brackenbury ◽  
P. Avery ◽  
M. Gleeson
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Domestic Fowl ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Maximum Speed ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Cost Of Locomotion ◽  
End Tidal ◽  
All Speeds ◽  
The Cost

1. Oxygen consumption, respiratory frequency, and the PO2 of expiratory and interclavicular air sac gases were continuously monitored in six female domestic fowl trained to exercise on a treadmill for 10 min periods at normal or elevated air temperatures. 2. At normal temperatures (20 +/− 2 degrees C) the cost of locomotion rose from 0.46 ml O2 kg-1 m-1 at 0-3 km h-1 to 0.77 ml O2 kg-1 m-1 at the maximum speed of 4.3 km h-1. At 32 +/− 2 degrees C, Vo2 increased by as much as 20% compared to normal temperatures. 3. Hyperventilation occurred at all speeds and at both normal and elevated temperatures. End-tidal and interclavicular PO2 increased, in a parallel manner with speed, the latter remaining consistently 6-7 Torr less than the former both at rest and during exercise.

scholarly journals Oxygen consumption of drift-feeding rainbow trout: the energetic tradeoff between locomotion and feeding in flow

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.L. Johansen ◽  
O. Akanyeti ◽  
J.C. Liao
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Prey Density ◽  
Prey Capture ◽  
Prey Selection ◽  
Drift Feeding ◽  
Cost Of Locomotion ◽  
Predatory Fishes ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Optimum Foraging ◽  
Selection Of

AbstractTo forage in fast, turbulent flow environments where prey are abundant, predatory fishes must deal with the high associated costs of locomotion. Prevailing theory suggests that many species exploit hydrodynamic refuges to minimize the cost of locomotion while foraging. Here we challenge this theory based on direct oxygen consumption measurements of drift-feeding trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) foraging in the freestream and from behind a flow refuge at velocities up to 100 cm s-1. We demonstrate that refuging is not energetically beneficial when foraging in fast flows due to a high attack cost and low prey capture success associated with leaving a station-holding refuge to intercept prey. By integrating optimum foraging theory with empirical data from respirometry and video imaging, we develop a mathematical model to predict when drift-feeding fishes should exploit or avoid refuges based on prey density, size and flow velocity. Our foraging and refuging model provides new mechanistic insights into the locomotor costs, habitat use, and prey selection of fishes foraging in current-swept habitats.

Speed, stride frequency and energy cost per stride: how do they change with body size and gait?

1988 ◽  
Vol 138 (1) ◽  
pp. 301-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. C. Heglund ◽  
C. R. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Stride Frequency ◽  
Energetic Cost ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Frequency Change ◽  
Cost Of Locomotion ◽  
The Cost

In this study we investigate how speed and stride frequency change with body size. We use this information to define ‘equivalent speeds’ for animals of different size and to explore the factors underlying the six-fold difference in mass-specific energy cost of locomotion between mouse- and horse-sized animals at these speeds. Speeds and stride frequencies within a trot and a gallop were measured on a treadmill in 16 species of wild and domestic quadrupeds, ranging in body size from 30 g mice to 200 kg horses. We found that the minimum, preferred and maximum sustained speeds within a trot and a gallop all change in the same rather dramatic manner with body size, differing by nine-fold between mice and horses (i.e. all three speeds scale with about the 0.2 power of body mass). Although the absolute speeds differ greatly, the maximum sustainable speed was about 2.6-fold greater than the minimum within a trot, and 2.1-fold greater within a gallop. The frequencies used to sustain the equivalent speeds (with the exception of the minimum trotting speed) scale with about the same factor, the −0.15 power of body mass. Combining this speed and frequency data with previously published data on the energetic cost of locomotion, we find that the mass-specific energetic cost of locomotion is almost directly proportional to the stride frequency used to sustain a constant speed at all the equivalent speeds within a trot and a gallop, except for the minimum trotting speed (where it changes by a factor of two over the size range of animals studied). Thus the energy cost per kilogram per stride at five of the six equivalent speeds is about the same for all animals, independent of body size, but increases with speed: 5.0 J kg-1 stride-1 at the preferred trotting speed; 5.3 J kg-1 stride-1 at the trot-gallop transition speed; 7.5 J kg-1 stride-1 at the preferred galloping speed; and 9.4 J kg-1 stride-1 at the maximum sustained galloping speed. The cost of locomotion is determined primarily by the cost of activating muscles and of generating a unit of force for a unit of time. Our data show that both these costs increase directly with the stride frequency used at equivalent speeds by different-sized animals. The increase in cost per stride with muscles (necessitating higher muscle forces for the same ground reaction force) as stride length increases both in the trot and in the gallop.

Moving cheaply: energetics of walking in the African elephant.

1995 ◽  
Vol 198 (3) ◽  
pp. 629-632 ◽  
Author(s):  
V A Langman ◽  
T J Roberts ◽  
J Black ◽  
G M Maloiy ◽  
N C Heglund ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Economy ◽  
African Elephant ◽  
Metabolic Energy ◽  
Energetic Cost ◽  
Allometric Relationships ◽  
Cost Of Locomotion ◽  
Biological Laws ◽  
Large Animals ◽  
The Cost

Large animals have a much better fuel economy than small ones, both when they rest and when they run. At rest, each gram of tissue of the largest land animal, the African elephant, consumes metabolic energy at 1/20 the rate of a mouse; using existing allometric relationships, we calculate that it should be able to carry 1 g of its tissue (or a load) for 1 km at 1/40 the cost for a mouse. These relationships between energetics and size are so consistent that they have been characterized as biological laws. The elephant has massive legs and lumbers along awkwardly, suggesting that it might expend more energy to move about than other animals. We find, however, that its energetic cost of locomotion is predicted remarkably well by the allometric relationships and is the lowest recorded for any living land animal.

scholarly journals Metabolic cost of generating horizontal forces during human running

1999 ◽  
Vol 86 (5) ◽  
pp. 1657-1662 ◽  
Author(s):  
Young-Hui Chang ◽  
Rodger Kram
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Metabolic Cost ◽  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Vertical Force ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Support Body Weight ◽  
Human Running

Previous studies have suggested that generating vertical force on the ground to support body weight (BWt) is the major determinant of the metabolic cost of running. Because horizontal forces exerted on the ground are often an order of magnitude smaller than vertical forces, some have reasoned that they have negligible cost. Using applied horizontal forces (AHF; negative is impeding, positive is aiding) equal to −6, −3, 0, +3, +6, +9, +12, and +15% of BWt, we estimated the cost of generating horizontal forces while subjects were running at 3.3 m/s. We measured rates of oxygen consumption (V˙o 2) for eight subjects. We then used a force-measuring treadmill to measure ground reaction forces from another eight subjects. With an AHF of −6% BWt,V˙o 2 increased 30% compared with normal running, presumably because of the extra work involved. With an AHF of +15% BWt, the subjects exerted ∼70% less propulsive impulse and exhibited a 33% reduction inV˙o 2. Our data suggest that generating horizontal propulsive forces constitutes more than one-third of the total metabolic cost of normal running.

scholarly journals Cost analysis of manual bund shaping in paddy fields: Economical and physiological

2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 181-189
Author(s):  
Ritesh Ranjan ◽  
Prabhanjan Kumar Pranav
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Maximal Exercise ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Economic Cost ◽  
Maximum Volume ◽  
Physiological Cost ◽  
Expenditure Rate ◽  
Maximum Aerobic Capacity ◽  
The Cost

Bund shaping is one of the essential operations in preparing a paddy transplanting field. This operation is undertaken manually by spades in a traditional way as this has not been mechanised thus far. Therefore, this study was conducted to expose this operation by evaluating the economic, as well as physiological, cost involved in the bund shaping. For the economic cost, the study was conducted in nine different districts of Assam (India). The bund length for the estimated area was measured and estimated for one ha of land. The average rate of manual bund shaping was also measured to calculate the cost involved in this operation. Moreover, for the physiological cost, ten experienced subjects were calibrated and measured for their maximum aerobic capacity by sub-maximal exercise in laboratory condition. Furthermore, the heart rate was measured during the manual bund shaping and was then correlated with the calibrated data. It was found that the average required bund shaping length per ha was 3 669 m which was associated with a cost of 2 062.8 rupees. It was found that the bund shaping consumed 76.96% of the maximum volume of the oxygen consumption capacity of the subjects; however, the energy expenditure rate with respect to time and bund length were 7.37 kcal·min<sup>–1</sup> and 4.33 kcal·m<sup>–1</sup>, respectively. Hence, bund shaping in a paddy field comes under a severe workload category which emphasises the need of mechanisation for the bund shaping operation.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document