scholarly journals Surface reconstruction post-processing method for 3D- scanned objects

2021 ◽  
Vol 2086 (1) ◽  
pp. 012077
Author(s):  
P D Badillo ◽  
V A Parfenov ◽  
N L Shchegoleva
Keyword(s):  
3D Model ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Point Clouds ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Processing Method ◽  
Automatic Method ◽  
Post Processing ◽  
Scanning Procedure ◽  
Trained Personnel ◽  
Non Destructive

Abstract 3D scanning is widely used in multiple applications to obtain high precision / non-destructive documentation of real-life objects, which is especially important in Cultural Heritage (CH) preservation. However, some issues (in particular missing parts which are commonly known as “holes”) affect the accuracy of the obtained 3D model after the scanning procedure and requires time-consuming post-processing procedures, which include manual editing by highly-trained personnel. In this article an automatic method to reconstruct the obtained surface of 3D models is proposed, improving previously obtained results for high-density point clouds.

scholarly journals Weighing trees with lasers: advances, challenges and opportunities

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 20170048 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. I. Disney ◽  
M. Boni Vicari ◽  
A. Burt ◽  
K. Calders ◽  
S. L. Lewis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Point Clouds ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Tree Form ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
And Function ◽  
Non Destructive

Terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) is providing exciting new ways to quantify tree and forest structure, particularly above-ground biomass (AGB). We show how TLS can address some of the key uncertainties and limitations of current approaches to estimating AGB based on empirical allometric scaling equations (ASEs) that underpin all large-scale estimates of AGB. TLS provides extremely detailed non-destructive measurements of tree form independent of tree size and shape. We show examples of three-dimensional (3D) TLS measurements from various tropical and temperate forests and describe how the resulting TLS point clouds can be used to produce quantitative 3D models of branch and trunk size, shape and distribution. These models can drastically improve estimates of AGB, provide new, improved large-scale ASEs, and deliver insights into a range of fundamental tree properties related to structure. Large quantities of detailed measurements of individual 3D tree structure also have the potential to open new and exciting avenues of research in areas where difficulties of measurement have until now prevented statistical approaches to detecting and understanding underlying patterns of scaling, form and function. We discuss these opportunities and some of the challenges that remain to be overcome to enable wider adoption of TLS methods.

scholarly journals A Synthetic LiDAR Scanner for VTK

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Doria
Keyword(s):  
3D Model ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Ground Truth ◽  
Laser Pulses ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Light Detection And Ranging ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Model Surface ◽  
Point Data ◽  
Reflecting Surface

In recent years, Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) scanners have become more prevalent in the scientific community. They capture a “2.5-D” image of a scene by sending out thousands of laser pulses and using time-of-flight calculations to determine the distance to the first reflecting surface in the scene. Rather than setting up a collection of objects in real life and actually sending lasers into the scene, one can simply create a scene out of 3d models and “scan” it by casting rays at the models. This is a great resource for any researchers who work with 3D model/surface/point data and LiDAR data. The synthetic scanner can be used to produce data sets for which a ground truth is known in order to ensure algorithms are behaving properly before moving to “real” LiDAR scans. Also, noise can be added to the points to attempt to simulate a real LiDAR scan for researchers who do not have access to the very expensive equipment required to obtain real scans.

scholarly journals A PROJECTION-BASED RECONSTRUCTION ALGORITHM FOR 3D MODELING OF BRIDGE STRUCTURES FROM DRONE-BASED POINT CLOUD

2021 ◽  
Vol XLVI-4/W1-2021 ◽  
pp. 77-83
Author(s):  
M. Mehranfar ◽  
H. Arefi ◽  
F. Alidoost
Keyword(s):  
Point Cloud ◽  
Clustering Algorithm ◽  
3D Model ◽  
Reconstruction Algorithm ◽  
Point Clouds ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Reconstruction Technique ◽  
Reconstruction Process ◽  
Median Error ◽  
Bridge Structures

Abstract. This paper presents a projection-based method for 3D bridge modeling using dense point clouds generated from drone-based images. The proposed workflow consists of hierarchical steps including point cloud segmentation, modeling of individual elements, and merging of individual models to generate the final 3D model. First, a fuzzy clustering algorithm including the height values and geometrical-spectral features is employed to segment the input point cloud into the main bridge elements. In the next step, a 2D projection-based reconstruction technique is developed to generate a 2D model for each element. Next, the 3D models are reconstructed by extruding the 2D models orthogonally to the projection plane. Finally, the reconstruction process is completed by merging individual 3D models and forming an integrated 3D model of the bridge structure in a CAD format. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method to generate 3D models automatically with a median error of about 0.025 m between the elements’ dimensions in the reference and reconstructed models for two different bridge datasets.

scholarly journals A Method for the Automated Construction of 3D Models of Cities and Neighborhoods from Official Cadaster Data for Solar Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 6028
Author(s):  
Carlos Beltran-Velamazan ◽  
Marta Monzón-Chavarrías ◽  
Belinda López-Mesa
Keyword(s):  
3D Model ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Automatic Method ◽  
Time Saving ◽  
Automatic Construction ◽  
3D City Models ◽  
Solar Analysis ◽  
Solar Access ◽  
Short Time ◽  
City Models

3D city models are a useful tool to analyze the solar potential of neighborhoods and cities. These models are built from buildings footprints and elevation measurements. Footprints are widely available, but elevation datasets remain expensive and time-consuming to acquire. Our hypothesis is that the GIS cadastral data can be used to build a 3D model automatically, so that generating complete cities 3D models can be done in a short time with already available data. We propose a method for the automatic construction of 3D models of cities and neighborhoods from 2D cadastral data and study their usefulness for solar analysis by comparing the results with those from a hand-built model. The results show that the accuracy in evaluating solar access on pedestrian areas and solar potential on rooftops with the automatic method is close to that from the hand-built model with slight differences of 3.4% and 2.2%, respectively. On the other hand, time saving with the automatic models is significant. A neighborhood of 400,000 m2 can be built up in 30 min, 50 times faster than by hand, and an entire city of 967 km2 can be built in 8.5 h.

scholarly journals RGB-D Indoor Plane-based 3D-Modeling using Autonomous Robot

2014 ◽  
Vol XL-1 ◽  
pp. 301-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Mostofi ◽  
A. Moussa ◽  
M. Elhabiby ◽  
N. El-Sheimy
Keyword(s):  
3D Modeling ◽  
3D Model ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Region Growing ◽  
Point Clouds ◽  
Visual Odometry ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Indoor Environments ◽  
Relative Pose ◽  
Matching Techniques

3D model of indoor environments provide rich information that can facilitate the disambiguation of different places and increases the familiarization process to any indoor environment for the remote users. In this research work, we describe a system for visual odometry and 3D modeling using information from RGB-D sensor (Camera). The visual odometry method estimates the relative pose of the consecutive RGB-D frames through feature extraction and matching techniques. The pose estimated by visual odometry algorithm is then refined with iterative closest point (ICP) method. The switching technique between ICP and visual odometry in case of no visible features suppresses inconsistency in the final developed map. Finally, we add the loop closure to remove the deviation between first and last frames. In order to have a semantic meaning out of 3D models, the planar patches are segmented from RGB-D point clouds data using region growing technique followed by convex hull method to assign boundaries to the extracted patches. In order to build a final semantic 3D model, the segmented patches are merged using relative pose information obtained from the first step.

scholarly journals USES OF 3D MODELING TECHNIQUES IN THE DIGITAL ARTS

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (88) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Computer Games ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
3D Model ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Real Life ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Digital Art ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Processing Technologies ◽  
Modeling Techniques

With the rapid advances in visual perception and processing technologies, it has become easier to create 3D models (three dimensional visuals that have width height and depth data) of objects by processing 2D (two dimensional images that have width and height data like photography) images obtained from real life with the help of certain algorithms. These systems, which convert from two-dimensional painting to three-dimensional model format, now describe and translate most objects correctly. Like photogrametry and laser scanning, is used to quickly transfer large areas to 3D media, especially with coating materials. 3D images obtained by scanning 2D images show differences in terms of the obtained model quality and polygon density. This system, which serves to obtain very fast 3D models, is frequently used in computer games development, digital art and production / cinema studies, painting, sculpting, ceramic and photography to obtain a spesific result. In the research, image-based 3D model creation technologies were mentioned. The types of this technology and its usage purposes, methods and problems are the topics of this article Also problems faced while engaging the models accured from this methods to other platforms are included in the article. In this context, the aim of the study is to recognize the new scanning modeling processes and algorithms supported by artificial intelligence and to determine the usage areas of these modeling techniques in art. Keywords: Art, 3D Model, A.I., LIDAR, Photogrametry, Digital Art

scholarly journals Workflow for 3D geovisualization of the data obtained with the use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in Augmented Reality

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
Łukasz Halik ◽  
Maciej Smaczyński ◽  
Beata Medyńska-Gulij
Keyword(s):  
Augmented Reality ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
3D Model ◽  
Digital Terrain Model ◽  
Point Clouds ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Irregular Shape ◽  
Terrain Model ◽  
Natural Aggregate ◽  
Digital Terrain

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> The attempt to work out the geomatic workflow of transforming low-level aerial imagery obtained with unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) into a digital terrain model (DTM) and implementing the 3D model into the augmented reality (AR) system constitutes the main problem discussed in this article. The authors suggest the following workflow demonstrated in Fig. 1.</p><p>The series of pictures obtained by means of UAV equipped with a HD camera was the source of data to be worked out in the final stage of the geovisualization. The series was then processed and a few point clouds were isolated from it, being later used for generating test 3D models.</p><p>The practical aim of the research conducted was to work out, on the basis of the UAV pictures, the 3D geovisualization in the AR system that would depict the heap of the natural aggregate of irregular shape. The subsequent aim was to verify the accuracy of the produced 3D model. The object of the study was a natural aggregate heap of irregular shape and denivelations up to 11 meters.</p><p>Based on the obtained photos, three point clouds (varying in the level of detail) were generated for the 20&amp;thinsp;000-meter-square area. The several-centimeter differences observed between the control points in the field and the ones from the model might corroborate the usefulness of the described algorithm for creating large-scale DTMs for engineering purposes. The method of transformation of pictures into the point cloud that was subsequently transformed into 3D models was employed in the research, resulting in the scheme depicting the technological sequence of the creation of 3D geovisualization worked out in the AR system. The geovisualization can be viewed thanks to a specially worked out mobile application for smartphones.</p>

scholarly journals USING AFFORDABLE DATA CAPTURING DEVICES FOR AUTOMATIC 3D CITY MODELLING

2017 ◽  
Vol XLII-4/W6 ◽  
pp. 9-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Alizadehashrafi ◽  
A. Abdul-Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Image Matching ◽  
3D Model ◽  
Point Clouds ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Parallel Projection ◽  
Passive Remote Sensing ◽  
Data Capturing ◽  
3D City Modelling ◽  
Very High ◽  
Ar Drone

In this research project, many movies from UTM Kolej 9, Skudai, Johor Bahru (See Figure 1) were taken by AR. Drone 2. Since the AR drone 2.0 has liquid lens, while flying there were significant distortions and deformations on the converted pictures of the movies. Passive remote sensing (RS) applications based on image matching and Epipolar lines such as Agisoft PhotoScan have been tested to create the point clouds and mesh along with 3D models and textures. As the result was not acceptable (See Figure 2), the previous Dynamic Pulse Function based on Ruby programming language were enhanced and utilized to create the 3D models automatically in LoD3. The accuracy of the final 3D model is almost 10 to 20 cm. After rectification and parallel projection of the photos based on some tie points and targets, all the parameters were measured and utilized as an input to the system to create the 3D model automatically in LoD3 in a very high accuracy.

Representing 3D Model of Building From TLS Data Scanning in CityGML

2014 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Akmaliaa ◽  
H. Setan ◽  
Z. Majid ◽  
D. Suwardhi
Keyword(s):  
3D Model ◽  
Semantic Information ◽  
Laser Scanner ◽  
Point Clouds ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Detailed Model ◽  
Building Model ◽  
Building Models ◽  
3D Building Model

Nowadays, 3D city models are used by the increasing number of applications. Most applications require not only geometric information but also semantic information. As a standard and tool for 3D city model, CityGML, provides a method for storing and managing both geometric and semantic information. Moreover, it also provides the multi-scale representation of 3D building model for efficient visualization. In CityGML, building models are represented in five LODs (Level of Detail), start from LOD0, LOD1, LOD2, LOD3, and LOD4. Each level has different accuracy and detail requirement for visualization. Usually, for obtaining multi-LOD of 3D building model, several data sources are integrated. For example, LiDAR data is used for generating LOD0, LOD1, and LOD2 as close-range photogrammetry data is used for generating more detailed model in LOD3 and LOD4. However, using additional data sources is increasing cost and time consuming. Since the development of TLS (Terrestrial Laser Scanner), data collection for detailed model can be conducted in a relative short time compared to photogrammetry. Point cloud generated from TLS can be used for generating the multi-LOD of building model. This paper gives an overview about the representation of 3D building model in CityGML and also method for generating multi-LOD of building from TLS data. An experiment was conducted using TLS. Following the standard in CityGML, point clouds from TLS were processed resulting 3D model of building in different level of details. Afterward, models in different LOD were converted into XML schema to be used in CityGML. From the experiment, final result shows that TLS can be used for generating 3D models of building in LOD1, LOD2, and LOD3.

From UAV-photogrammetry to displacement rates – monitoring slope deformations in Alpine terrain

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Demmler ◽  
Marc Adams ◽  
Anne Hormes
Keyword(s):  
Change Detection ◽  
Active Sites ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
3D Model ◽  
Terrestrial Laser Scanning ◽  
Point Clouds ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Total Station ◽  
In Situ Data ◽  
Expert Input

&lt;p&gt;Mountainous areas bring unique challenges for surveying and natural hazard monitoring &amp;#8211; inaccessibility, dangerous terrain, snow coverage and line-of-sight problems often make it next to impossible to perform ground-based monitoring or even to provide a good vantage point for close-range sensing (e.g. terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) or terrestrial photogrammetry). Airborne or satellite-based methods are often the only way to gain information about geodynamically active sites. Here, structure-from-motion (SfM) photogrammetry from unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery in particular can provide an inexpensive and easily implemented monitoring option. The Vigilans research project attempts to evaluate the feasibility of UAV-photogrammetry against more established surveying methods (e.g. in situ data from extensometers or total stations).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Our study site Marzellkamm is located in the Central &amp;#214;tztal Alps of Western Austria. The active rock slope deformation we are monitoring in Vigilans lies at 2450-2850&amp;#160;m asl. on a SE-facing slope. Annual displacement rates of up to 1.5 m/year in the early 2010&amp;#8217;s triggered monitoring and research interest. Due to the remote location, mitigation methods were not implemented, but a hiking trails was relocated. Orthoimage photogrammetry and ground-based monitoring instrumentation (extensometers, terrestrial laser scanning, total station measurements combined with GNSS and geodetic surveys) collected data 1971-2019.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In the last years, movement along the slope has slowed down considerably. The rather slow current movements provide a valuable challenge for detection, with rates of &lt;0.05&amp;#160;m/year occurring in the more stable upper sections, while the NW section in particular still shows pronounced movement of up to 0.3&amp;#160;m/year. For this reason, Marzellkamm provides excellent evaluation for new methods such as UAV-SfM.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In three separate missions between summer 2018 to fall of 2019, UAV-SfM 3D-models of the site were created for displacement rate evaluations; it is planned to continue this monitoring for a total of three years as part of the Vigilans project. Photogrammetric missions were performed in conjunction with total station measurements of more than 30 ground control points.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The required level of precision is becoming achievable and affordable with new RTK/PPK-equipped (Real-Time-Kinematics/Post-Processed Kinematics) UAVs. However, evaluating the resulting 3D-- model in terms of movement rates remains non-trivial. The most common algorithm for change detection in point clouds, M3C2, is not well-suited to detect a laterally moving surface as a whole, as it detects changes along the normal orientation of a surface (such as subsidence). Therefore, the point cloud needs to be very selectively reduced, requiring complex filtering operations and expert input as well as expensive software packages.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;This contribution will present a workflow to simplify such evaluation, based on 2.5D (DEM-based) algorithms such as IMCORR and DoD (Difference-of-DEMs), in comparison with the more complex 3D-pointcloud based processing. The presented workflow is based on Agisoft Metashape and Open-Source software tools QGIS and Saga GIS. It aims to streamline UAV-based surveying work, 3D-model generation and simplified change detection into a repeatable and easily automatable framework. Special emphasis will be put on estimating the quality of the recorded data.&lt;/p&gt;

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