AN ALTERNATIVE 3D ADDRESS VISUALIZATION METHOD FOR BUILDINGS AND BUILDING INDEPENDENT SECTIONS WITH GIS-BASED 3D MODELLING APPROACH

Most commonly used detail type in 3D city modelling is building layer. One of the most important distinguishing point of buildings is independent sections. When the independent sections are examined in the context of Urban Information System (UIS), they have a multi-layered structure with their own characteristics. In address management processes, definition of the area belonging to a person, family or organization is realized through independent sections of buildings. In this study, it is aimed to model one the most important components of city objects such as building independent sections and road networks with GIS-based 3D modelling techniques. According to the results obtained from literature studies, answers were researched to the questions of what should be workflow of producing 3D models in the system and what should be in ideal 3D GIS database. Buildings and building independent sections were geocoded to provide some additional innovations to address mapping methods. Procedural modelling method was preferred as a GIS-based 3D modelling technique. Created models enable both the visualization of address data and their transfer to the 3D environment, as well as navigation. It provides some practical information. The designed system has been tested practically in Trabzon city.

CITYGML APPLICATION DOMAIN EXTENSION FOR 3D STRATA REPRESENTATIONS IN THE SMARTKADASTER SYSTEM: TOWARDS BEYOND CADASTRE PURPOSE IN MALAYSIA

Recent advancements in 3D city modelling and emerging trends in implementing and realising Digital Twins motivate the Department of Survey and Mapping Malaysia (JUPEM) to develop and implement SmartKADASTER (SKiP) Phase 2. SmartKADASTER Phase I was a precursor to this system, and it primarily focused on applying two-dimensional (2D) spatial data for 3D spatial analysis. CityGML was used as the data model for various Levels of Detail (LoD) in this new initiative to represent city models across the Greater Kuala Lumpur region. SmartKADASTER however, lacks strata information. Therefore, to integrate strata information into the SKiP citymodel environment, an Application Domain Extension (ADE) for CityGML has been developed to convert existing Strata XML to StrataGML, a CityGML-compliant data output format. This paper describes the purpose of the SmartKADASTER initiative in Section 1. Section 2 explains additional context for the initiative as well as some backgrounds. Section 3 discusses the conversion workflow and ADE definitions, followed by a brief discussion of visualisation in Section 4 and a project summary in Section 5.

MULTI-TASK LEARNING FROM FIXED-WING UAV IMAGES FOR 2D/3D CITY MODELLING

Single-task learning in artificial neural networks will be able to learn the model very well, and the benefits brought by transferring knowledge thus become limited. In this regard, when the number of tasks increases (e.g., semantic segmentation, panoptic segmentation, monocular depth estimation, and 3D point cloud), duplicate information may exist across tasks, and the improvement becomes less significant. Multi-task learning has emerged as a solution to knowledge-transfer issues and is an approach to scene understanding which involves multiple related tasks each with potentially limited training data. Multi-task learning improves generalization by leveraging the domain-specific information contained in the training data of related tasks. In urban management applications such as infrastructure development, traffic monitoring, smart 3D cities, and change detection, automated multi-task data analysis for scene understanding based on the semantic, instance, and panoptic annotation, as well as monocular depth estimation, is required to generate precise urban models. In this study, a common framework for the performance assessment of multi-task learning methods from fixed-wing UAV images for 2D/3D city modelling is presented.

3D CITY MODELLING TOWARD CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT. THE DIGITAL DOCUMENTATION OF MUSEU DO IPIRANGA - USP, SAN PAULO, BRAZIL

The present paper illustrates the survey and documentation activities for the 3D city modelling and visualisation carried out since 2016 on complex monumental buildings of the city of São Paulo in Brazil by the DIAPReM research centre and the TekneHub Laboratory of the University of Ferrara in collaboration with FAU-USP Faculdade de Arquitetura e Urbanismo of Universidade de São San Paolo and funded by the Fundação de Apoio à Universidade de São Paulo- FUSP for the definition of interdisciplinary collaboration protocols and the development of integrated digital databases of Brazilian cultural heritage. Starting from a wider joint international research collaboration dated more than five years ago, the project aims to define interdisciplinary protocols for the digital documentation of built heritage in order to support the knowledge, restoration, maintenance, management and enhancement of Museu do Ipiranga - USP involving both academic and research competencies, as well as professional and technical skills. The definition of the first integrated digital database of the Museu do Ipiranga took into account the documentation needs of complex architecture for restoration and the project for new accessibility and the extension of the Museum itself and a wider digitisation project for urban planning as well as new Smart Cultural Heritage accessibility.

Implementation of SExI–FS (Spatially Explicit Individual-based Forest Simulator) Model using UAV Aerial Photo Data Case Study: Jatinangor ITB Campus

Landscape architecture affected by interaction between built and natural environment such as vegetation. Nowadays, landscape architects are using 3D city models for simulations, which requires highly dynamic and time-varying attributes. 3D city modelling structure has been standardized by CityGML, although researches that are related to the storing of dynamic data had been conducted for the past years, it has not been supported by any standard until this very moment. In dynamizer, it is added as a data structure into a CityGML structure that is already existed, although the existing structure is a static one. Kolbe’s research on dynamic data using CityGML called dynamizer could use the spatial data in more dynamic way by changing its geometric, thematic, or appearance data, but its purpose is not specific for trees or vegetation. In this paper, a method of simulating the vegetation growth using SeXI-FS will be discussed to show the dynamic changes that happen in vegetation as part of the dynamic changes in landscape architecture. The result of this research will be used to address the importance of information on vegetation by studying its changes in Jatinangor ITB Campus and as initial research to build dynamizer in CityGML for landscape architecture.

TOWARDS 3D SMART CAMPUS VIA 3D CITY MODELLING

The smart city concept may aid in improving the city management, enhance the efficiency and thus increase the effectiveness of the city, where it is mainly focused on both information and technologies. This concept appears to be applicable for a smaller area such as university campus. Based on this idea, this research tries to implement the 3D smart campus for Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM). This is an initial research towards a real implementation of 3D smart campus and conceivably 3D smart cities. This research focuses on the development of UTM smart campus by using 3D city modelling. The QGIS software was used to develop the 3D models. Then, the 3D model is viewed in a web browser for better 3D visualization and navigation. Furthermore, the results show that the 3D developed models for UTM smart campus can be a reliable platform to manage the spatial query and viewing the attributes of UTM campus buildings and facilities. This can be seen beneficial to the physical future development of the UTM campus area.

AN IMPROVED LOD FRAMEWORK FOR THE TERRAINS IN 3D CITY MODELS

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> The Level of Detail (LOD) concept in CityGML 2.0 is meant to differentiate the multiple representations of semantic 3D city models. Despite the popularity and general acceptance of the concept by the practitioners and stakeholders in 3D city modelling, there are still some limitations. While the CityGML LOD concept is well defined for buildings, bridges, tunnels, and to some extent for roads, there is no clear definition of LODs for terrain/relief, vegetation, land use, water bodies, and generic city objects in CityGML. In addition, extensive research has been done to refine the LOD concept of CityGML for buildings but little is known on requirements and possibilities to model city object types as terrain at different LODs. To address this gap, we focus in this paper on the terrain of a 3D city model and propose a framework for modelling terrains at different LODs in CityGML. As a proof of concept of our framework, we implemented a software prototype to generate terrain models with other city features integrated (e.g. buildings) at different LODs in CityGML.</p>

A MULTI-HEIGHT LOD1 MODEL OF ALL BUILDINGS IN THE NETHERLANDS

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> The 3D representation of buildings with roof shapes (also called LoD2) is popular in the 3D city modelling domain since it provides a realistic view of 3D city models. However, for many application block models of buildings are sufficient or even more suitable. These so called LoD1 models can be reconstructed relatively easily from building footprints and point clouds. But LoD1 representations for the same building can be rather different because of differences in height references used to reconstruct the block models and differences in underlying statistical calculation methods. Users are often not aware of these differences, while these differences may have an impact on the outcome of spatial analyses. To standardise possible variances of LoD1 models and let the users choose the best one for their application, we have developed a LoD1 reconstruction service that generates several heights per building (both for the ground surface and the extrusion height). The building models are generated for all ~10 million buildings in The Netherlands based on footprints of buildings and LiDAR point clouds. The 3D dataset is updated every month automatically. In addition, for each building quality parameters are calculated and made available. This article describes the development of the LoD1 building service and we report on the spatial analysis that we performed on the generated height values.</p>

3D CITY MODELLING OF ISTANBUL BASED ON LIDAR DATA AND PANORAMIC IMAGES – ISSUES AND CHALLENGES

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> This paper describes the generation of 3D city modelling of LoD2 and LoD3 buildings based on 3D point clouds data and other auxiliary data for Istanbul city, Turkey. The project is being undertaken by Istanbul Greater Municipality (IBB) since October 2012. The aim is to provide 3D information to the relevant city planning departments within IBB. The development of the 3D city model utilized several data acquisition techniques, software and computing tools as part of the methodology. The tools include from Riegl, TerraSolid, TerraScan, FME Workbench, MicroStation, and other visualization tools. The generated 3D city models illustrate how the high-resolution point clouds and 3D modelling play major role in such development. This paper also highlights several issues and challenges of the development, i.e. from data acquisition, processing of point clouds and the 3D modelling of buildings.</p>