State-of-Health of Li-ion Battery Estimation Based on the Efficiency of the Charge Transfer Extracted from Impedance Spectra

Several studies show that impedance spectroscopy is a suitable method for online battery diagnosis and State-of-Health (SoH) estimation. However, the most common method is to model the acquired impedance spectrum with equivalent circuits and focus on the most sensitive parameters, namely the charge-transfer resistance. This paper introduces first a detailed model of a battery cell, which is then simplified and adapted to the observable spectrum behavior. Based on the physical meaning of the model parameters, we propose a novel approach for SoH assessment combining parameters of the impedance spectrum by building the ratio of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) resistance to the total resistance of SEI and the charge transfer. This ratio characterizes the charge-transfer efficiency at the electrodes’ surfaces and should decrease systematically with SoH. Four different cells of the same type were cycled 400 times for the method validation, and impedance spectroscopy was performed at every 50th cycle. The results show a systematic correlation between the proposed ratio and the number of cycles on individual cell parameters, which build the basis of a novel online method of SoH assessment.

3D CITYGML BUILDING MODELS DEVELOPMENT WITH CROSS-SCALE QUERY DATABASE

CityGML model-based is now a norm for smart city or digital twin city development for better planning, management, risk-related modelling and other applications. CityGML comes with five levels of details (LoD, in version 2.0) of buildings. The LoDs are also known as pre-defined multi-scale models requiring a large storage-memory-graphic consumption than a single scale model. LoD CityGML models are primarily constructed using point cloud measurements and images of multiple systems, resulting in a range of accuracies and detailed model representations. Additionally, it entails several software, procedures, and formats for the construction of the respective LoDs prior to the final result in the CityGML schema. Thus, this paper discusses several issues of accuracy and consistency, proposing several quality controls (QC) for multiple data acquisition systems (e.g. airborne laser systems and mobile laser systems), model construction techniques (e.g. LoD1, LoD2, and LoD3), software (interchange formats), and migration to a PostgreSQL database. Additionally, the paper recommends the importance of minimising implementation errors. A scale-specific unique identifier is introduced to link all associated LoDs, enabling cross-LoD information queries within a database. Proper model construction, accuracy control, and format interchange of LoD models in accordance with national and international standards will undoubtedly encourage and expedite data sharing among data owners, agencies, stakeholders, and public users. A summary of the work and accomplishments is included, as well as a plan for future research on this subject.

Competing cognitive pressures on human exploration in the absence of trade-off with exploitation

Exploring novel environments through sequential sampling is essential for efficient decision-making under uncertainty. In the laboratory, human exploration has been studied in situations where exploration is traded against reward maximisation. By design, these ‘explore-exploit’ dilemmas confound the behavioural characteristics of exploration with those of the trade-off itself. Here we designed a sequential sampling task where exploration can be studied and compared in the presence and absence of trade-off with exploitation. Detailed model-based analyses of choice behaviour revealed specific exploration patterns arising in situations where information seeking is not traded against reward seeking. Human choices are directed toward the most uncertain option available, but only after an initial sampling phase consisting of choice streaks from each novel option. These findings outline competing cognitive pressures on information seeking: the repeated sampling of the current option (for hypothesis testing), and the directed sampling of the most uncertain option available (for structure mapping).

Equivalent Modeling of a Direct-Drive Wind Farm Based on the Measured Data

In view of the difference between the wind speed and the actual wind speed in the example, the wind farm with fifteen direct-drive permanent magnet synchronous motors draws the recorded wind speed data on the coordinates of time and wind speed by linear regression to group the change trend. Secondly, the detailed model of wind farm is built in PSCAD, and the multi-machine equivalent model of wind farm is built by the control current source replacing the permanent magnet synchronous motor and the control part. Finally, the simulation analysis shows that the equivalent model reduces the simulation time and accurately reflects the dynamic and transient properties of the wind farm.

Modeling the Tropospheric Multiphase Chemistry of Biomass Burning Trace Compounds Using the Chemical Aqueous Phase Radical Mechanism (CAPRAM)

<p>Biomass burning (BB) is a significant contributor to air pollution on global, regional and local scale with impacts on air quality, public health and climate. Anhydrosugars and methoxyphenols are key tracers emitted through BB. Once emitted, they can undergo complex multiphase chemistry in the atmosphere contributing to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation. However, their chemical multiphase processing is not yet well understood and investigated by models. Thus, the present study aimed at a better understanding of the multiphase chemistry of these BB tracers by detailed model studies with a new developed CAPRAM biomass burning module (CAPRAM-BBM).This module was developed based on the kinetic data from our laboratory measurements at TROPOS and other literature studies. The developed CAPRAM-BBM includes 2991 reactions (9 phase transfers and 2982 aqueous-phase reactions). By coupling with the multiphase chemistry mechanism MCMv3.2/CAPRAM4.0 and the extended CAPRAM aromatics (CAPRAM-AM1.0) and halogen modules (CAPRAM-HM3.0), itis being applied for residential wood burning cases in Europeand wildfire cases in the US. Our model results show that levoglucosan and vanillin are effectively oxidized under cloud conditions. Furthermore, the results demonstrate that the chemistry of BB tracers can affect the budgets of key oxidants such as H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, and contribute to the SOA formation especially by increasing the fraction of brown carbon and substituted organic acids.</p>

Properties of a Transport Instrument for Measuring Psychological Impacts of Delay on Commuters, Mokken Scale Analysis

This study assessed the validity of instrument including various negative psychological and physical behaviors of commuters due to the public transport delay. Instruments have been mostly evaluated by parametric method of item response theory (IRT). However, the IRT has been characterized by some restrictive assumptions about the data, focusing on detailed model fit evaluation. The Mokken scale analysis (MSA), as a scaling procedure is a non-parametric method, which does not require adherence to any distribution. The results of the study show that in most regards, our instrument meets the minimum requirements highlighted by the MSA. However, the instrument did not adhere to the minimum requirements of the “scalability” for two variables including “stomach pain” and “increased heart rate”. So, modifications were proposed to address the violations. Although MSA technique has been used frequently in other fields, this is one of the earliest studies to implement the technique in the context of transport psychology.

The Detailed Doubly Fed Induction Wind Generator for Electromagnetic Transients Calculations and its Initialization in ATP

The Alternative Transients Program (ATP) is one of the most used electromagnetic transient programs due to its powerful modeling capability and versatility. However, it has limitations as regards the automatic initialization of power electronics devices and control systems. To overcome this drawback, a simple methodology is presented in this paper to initialize a detailed model of a doubly fed induction wind generator implemented in ATP. The methodology is based on the automatic initialization of this device and it is divided into two stages. The first one consists of offline calculations to obtain initial steady-state values of certain model variables and, in the second one, these results are used as ATP model parameters. The simulation is started by means of auxiliary switches also included in the model. To validate the methodology, the transient and steady-state behavior of 4 case studies was evaluated. The analysis of these results shows that the steady-state values calculated by ATP for t = 0 are the desired ones and the oscillograms present a steady-state condition. The proposed methodology makes it possible to accurately initialize a detailed DFIG-type generator model in ATP, without the need to sacrifice simulation time to wait for variables to reach a steady state.