scholarly journals Beryllium Isotopes in the PAMELA Experiment

2021 ◽  
Vol 2103 (1) ◽  
pp. 012011
Author(s):  
E A Bogomolov ◽  
G I Vasilyev ◽  
W Menn
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Isotopic Composition ◽  
Energy Range ◽  
Superconducting Magnet ◽  
Isotopic Analysis ◽  
Galactic Cosmic Rays ◽  
Light Nuclei ◽  
The Galaxy ◽  
Balloon Experiment ◽  
Supernova Explosions

Abstract Analysis of the isotopic composition of nuclei in galactic cosmic rays (GCR) in the orbital experiment of the PAMELA collaboration makes it possible to study the problems of the origin and propagation of cosmic rays in the Galaxy. The data of the PAMELA magnetic spectrometer, due to their high statistical and methodological accuracy, ensured significant progress in the study of the isotopic composition of light nuclei from H to Be in GCR in the energy range ~ 0.1-1 GeV/nucleon and for the first time made it possible to estimate the contribution to GCR of Local Interstellar Sources (LIS) from close (∼ 100 pc) of recent (~ million years) supernova explosions. To date, the isotopic composition of beryllium nuclei in GCR has been measured only for 7Be./9Be, 10Be/9Be ratios in the energy range of ∼ 100 MeV/nucleon in the space experiments IMP 7/8, Voyager, Ulysses, ACE/CRIS and for 10Be/9Be in balloon experiment with a superconducting magnet ISOMAX-98 for energies 0.2-1.0 and 1.1-2.0 GeV/nucleon. In this work, using flight data PAMELA 2006-2014, on the rigidity of the detected nuclei and their velocity (time-of-flight analysis and ionization losses in the multilayer calorimeter of the instrument), a new analysis of the isotopic composition of beryllium nuclei in the energy range of ~ 0.1-1.4 GeV/nucleon has been carried out. The results of isotopic analysis of beryllium nuclei in GCR (spectra 7Be, 9Be, 10Be and 7Be/9Be, 10Be/9Be - ratio depending on the rigidity and energy of nuclei) in comparison with the existing measurement and calculation data will be presented.

Pulsars and Cosmic Rays

1969 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
pp. 285-286
Author(s):  
A. G. Fenton
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Radio Galaxies ◽  
Galactic Cosmic Rays ◽  
The Other ◽  
Powerful Radio ◽  
The Galaxy ◽  
Supernova Explosions ◽  
The Universe

At present there are two general theories of the origin of cosmic rays. One is that most, if not all, galactic cosmic rays originate within the Galaxy, probably during supernova explosions. The other is that cosmic rays pervade the universe, originating mainly in the powerful radio galaxies and possibly in quasars, where vast stores of energy are available. The former theory has been discussed in detail by Ginzburg and Syrovatskii, while proponents of the latter theory include Burbidge and Hoyle, and Burbidge.

scholarly journals On particle acceleration and transport in plasmas in the Galaxy: theory and observations

2021 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Amato ◽  
Sabrina Casanova
Keyword(s):  
Particle Acceleration ◽  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Galactic Cosmic Rays ◽  
Energetic Particles ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Current Status ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The Galaxy ◽  
Formation And Evolution ◽  
Galaxy Assembly

Accelerated particles are ubiquitous in the Cosmos and play a fundamental role in many processes governing the evolution of the Universe at all scales, from the sub-AU scale relevant for the formation and evolution of stars and planets to the Mpc scale involved in Galaxy assembly. We reveal the presence of energetic particles in many classes of astrophysical sources thanks to their production of non-thermal radiation, and we detect them directly at the Earth as cosmic rays. In the last two decades both direct and indirect observations have provided us a wealth of new, high-quality data about cosmic rays and their interactions both in sources and during propagation, in the Galaxy and in the Solar System. Some of the new data have confirmed existing theories about particle acceleration and propagation and their interplay with the environment in which they occur. Some others have brought about interesting surprises, whose interpretation is not straightforward within the standard framework and may require a change of paradigm in terms of our ideas about the origin of cosmic rays of different species or in different energy ranges. In this article, we focus on cosmic rays of galactic origin, namely with energies below a few petaelectronvolts, where a steepening is observed in the spectrum of energetic particles detected at the Earth. We review the recent observational findings and the current status of the theory about the origin and propagation of galactic cosmic rays.

scholarly journals The Source Composition of Galactic Cosmic Rays as Possibly Originated from the Dust in the Circumstellar and Interstellar Space

1991 ◽  
Vol 126 ◽  
pp. 433-436
Author(s):  
Kunitomo Sakurai
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Solar Atmosphere ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Galactic Cosmic Rays ◽  
Interstellar Space ◽  
Interstellar Clouds ◽  
Supernova Explosions ◽  
Siderophile Elements

AbstractThe chemical composition of galactic cosmic rays in their sources is similar to that of interstellar clouds or grains which are relatively enriched in refractory and siderophile elements as compared with the chemical composition of the solar atmosphere. Taking into account this fact, it is shown that the cosmic ray source matter can be identified as the dust or grains observed in the envelopes of red supergiant stars or the matter originally ejected from supernova explosions.

scholarly journals Composition and Galactic Confinement of Cosmic Rays

1971 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 740-756
Author(s):  
Maurice M. Shapiro
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Galactic Cosmic Rays ◽  
Interstellar Space ◽  
Heavy Nuclei ◽  
High Energy Astrophysics ◽  
Transit Times ◽  
The Galaxy ◽  
Path Lengths

The ‘Galactic’ cosmic rays impinging on the Earth come from afar over tortuous paths, traveling for millions of years. These particles are the only known samples of matter that reach us from regions of space beyond the solar system. Their chemical and isotopic composition and their energy spectra provide clues to the nature of cosmic-ray sources, the properties of interstellar space, and the dynamics of the Galaxy. Various processes in high-energy astrophysics could be illuminated by a more complete understanding of the arriving cosmic rays, including the electrons and gamma rays.En route, some of theprimordialcosmic-ray nuclei have been transformed by collision with interstellar matter, and the composition is substantially modified by these collisions. A dramatic consequence of the transformations is the presence in the arriving ‘beam’ of considerable fluxes of purely secondary elements (Li, Be, B), i.e., species that are, in all probability, essentially absent at the sources. We shall here discuss mainly the composition of the arriving ‘heavy’ nuclei -those heavier than helium - and what they teach us about thesourcecomposition, the galactic confinement of the particles, their path lengths, and their transit times.

Measurement of the Isotopic Composition of Manganese, Iron, and Nickel in the Galactic Cosmic Rays

1996 ◽  
Vol 468 ◽  
pp. 679 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Westphal ◽  
V. G. Afanasyev ◽  
P. B. Price ◽  
M. Solarz ◽  
V. V. Akimov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Isotopic Composition ◽  
Galactic Cosmic Rays

scholarly journals ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION OF LIGHT NUCLEI IN COSMIC RAYS: RESULTS FROM AMS-01

2011 ◽  
Vol 736 (2) ◽  
pp. 105 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Aguilar ◽  
J. Alcaraz ◽  
J. Allaby ◽  
B. Alpat ◽  
G. Ambrosi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Isotopic Composition ◽  
Light Nuclei

scholarly journals Origin of cosmic rays and evolution of spallogenic nuclides Li, Be and B

2009 ◽  
Vol 5 (S268) ◽  
pp. 473-482
Author(s):  
Nikos Prantzos
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Quantitative Estimate ◽  
Milky Way ◽  
Massive Stars ◽  
Galactic Cosmic Rays ◽  
Galactic Evolution ◽  
Solar Abundance ◽  
Short Overview ◽  
Forward Shock ◽  
Supernova Explosions

AbstractA short overview is presented of current issues concerning the production and evolution of Li, Be and B in the Milky Way. In particular, the observed “primary-like” evolution of Be is re-assessed in the light of a novel idea: it is argued that Galactic Cosmic Rays are accelerated from the wind material of rotating massive stars, hit by the forward shock of the subsequent supernova explosions. The pre-galactic levels of both Li isotopes remain controversial at present, making it difficult to predict their Galactic evolution. A quantitative estimate is provided of the contributions of various candidate sources to the solar abundance of Li.

Infalling metagalactic gas clouds and galactic cosmic rays

1967 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 289
Author(s):  
G. Puppi ◽  
G. Setti ◽  
L. Woltjer
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Galactic Cosmic Rays ◽  
Slowing Down ◽  
The Galaxy

We wish to suggest (see also Puppi, Setti and Woltjer 1966) that the interaction between matter falling into the Galaxy and cosmic rays may be important both in slowing down the infalling material and in contributing to the acceleration of cosmic rays.

REVIEW ON PRECISION MEASUREMENTS OF HIGH ENERGY HADRONS

2002 ◽  
Vol 17 (12n13) ◽  
pp. 1603-1612 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. CASAUS
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Energy Range ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Galactic Cosmic Rays ◽  
Precision Measurements ◽  
Propagation Models ◽  
The Status ◽  
Free Parameters ◽  
Near Future

Precise measurements of high energy hadrons have been performed either on balloon-borne or space-borne experiments. The status of the present measurements on H and He, heavier nuclei, isotopes and antiprotons is separately reported. Implications of precise measurements within the framework of models for production and propagation of galactic cosmic rays is discussed. Near future experiments are expected to improve in a significant manner the collected statistics and the energy range covered by present experiments. The results thus obtained will validate current propagation models and accurately constrain their free parameters.

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