scholarly journals Stock of standing dead trees in boreal forests of Central Siberia

2021 ◽  
Vol 875 (1) ◽  
pp. 012059
Author(s):  
L V Mukhortova ◽  
L V Krivobokov ◽  
D G Schepaschenko ◽  
A A Knorre ◽  
D S Sobachkin
Keyword(s):  
Boreal Forests ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Forest Ecosystems ◽  
Middle Taiga ◽  
Central Siberia ◽  
Dead Trees ◽  
Larch Forests ◽  
Standing Dead ◽  
Standing Dead Trees ◽  
The Impact

Abstract A significant part of carbon assimilated by forest is deposited in tree trunks. Growth and development of tree stands is accompanied by accumulation of standing dead trees (snags) due to natural tree mortality and as a result of the impact of exogenous factors. Carbon accumulated in these dead trunks is excluded from the fast turnover due to low rate of wood decomposition, so that snags can be considered as a pool of organic carbon with a slow rate of its return to the atmosphere. We estimated stock of snags on 54 sample plots, which represent the main types of forest ecosystems in the northern and middle taiga of Central Siberia. In the middle taiga, stock of snags varied from up to 7 m3 ha-1 in Siberian spruce forests to 20-42 m3 ha-1 in Scots pine forests. Larch forests in the northern taiga had the similar stock of snags as larch forests in the middle taiga despite significantly higher growing stock in the later. Snags contributed from 4 to 19% to the total stock of woody biomass in studied forests. This study indicated the significance of snags and can be used to estimate carbon budget of forest ecosystems of the region.

Wie viel Totholz braucht der Wald? | Dead wood in managed forests: how much is enough?

2004 ◽  
Vol 155 (2) ◽  
pp. 31-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rita Bütler ◽  
Rodolphe Schlaepfer
Keyword(s):  
Boreal Forests ◽  
Dead Wood ◽  
Sustainable Forest Management ◽  
Habitat Preferences ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Threshold Level ◽  
Bioenergetic Model ◽  
Dead Trees ◽  
Standing Dead ◽  
Standing Dead Trees

Dead wood is of paramount importance for forest biodiversity. For this reason it was adopted as an indicator for sustainable forest management by the Ministerial Conference on the protection of forests in Europe. This paper aims to answer the question of how much dead wood is necessary for the maintenance of biodiversity in sub-alpine spruce forest ecosystems. For this purpose we studied the habitat preferences of the three-toed woodpecker, a bird species that depends heavily on dead trees. Previous ecological studies had already demonstrated that this woodpecker is an indicator of spruce forests with a high degree of naturalness and biodiversity. Our field study in Swiss sub-Alpine spruce and Swedish boreal forests showed that, below a threshold level of about 20 m3 standing dead trees per ha, the probability of finding these woodpeckers drastically decreases. Similar results were obtained using a bioenergetic model, which calculated the energy requirements of this insectivorous woodpecker. Based on the results, our recommendation is to ensure a scattering of dead-wood rich areas in forest landscapes. Each area should cover about one square kilometre and have a mean of 5% of standing dead trees (≥ 18 m3 ha–1), and a total of approx. 9% of dead wood(≥ 33 m3 ha–1 standing and fallen).

scholarly journals Inventory of dead wood in the Kněhyně-Čertův mlýn National Nature Reserve, the Moravian-Silesian Beskids

2012 ◽  
Vol 50 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 171-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Jankovský ◽  
D. Lička ◽  
K. Ježek
Keyword(s):  
Forest Ecosystems ◽  
Dead Wood ◽  
Nature Reserve ◽  
Mountain Forest ◽  
National Nature Reserve ◽  
Dead Trees ◽  
Decomposition Processes ◽  
Standing Dead ◽  
Recorded Data ◽  
Standing Dead Trees

In four permanent experimental plots, dead wood was inventory under conditions of mountain forest ecosystems of the Kněhyně-Čertův ml&yacute;n National Nature Reserve, the Moravian-Silesian Beskids. Down woody material, standing dead trees as well as living trees were recorded. Data obtained were used to determine partial and summarized volumes of dead wood and its proportion in a living stand. Each of the surveyed areas was described not only from the viewpoint of mensuration but also with respect to subsequently carried out studies of biodiversity of wood mycoflora, succession of decomposition processes, natural regeneration on the dead wood etc. Mean volume of dead wood and a share in the total standing volume reaches 132 m<sup>3</sup>/ha(40%), of this 86 m<sup>3</sup>/hais down woody material and 46 m<sup>3</sup>/havolume of standing dead trees. Mean total standing volume per ha amounted to 332 m<sup>3</sup>/ha in the region of the Kněhyně-Čertův ml&yacute;n NNR.

scholarly journals Classification of Tree Species as Well as Standing Dead Trees Using Triple Wavelength ALS in a Temperate Forest

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (22) ◽  
pp. 2614 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Amiri ◽  
Peter Krzystek ◽  
Marco Heurich ◽  
Andrew Skidmore
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Feature Selection Method ◽  
Silver Fir ◽  
Maximum Point ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Dead Trees ◽  
Multi Wavelength ◽  
Standing Dead ◽  
Standing Dead Trees ◽  
532 Nm

Knowledge about forest structures, particularly of deadwood, is fundamental for understanding, protecting, and conserving forest biodiversity. While individual tree-based approaches using single wavelength airborne laserscanning (ALS) can successfully distinguish broadleaf and coniferous trees, they still perform multiple tree species classifications with limited accuracy. Moreover, the mapping of standing dead trees is becoming increasingly important for damage calculation after pest infestation or biodiversity assessment. Recent advances in sensor technology have led to the development of new ALS systems that provide up to three different wavelengths. In this study, we present a novel method which classifies three tree species (Norway spruce, European beech, Silver fir), and dead spruce trees with crowns using full waveform ALS data acquired from three different sensors (wavelengths 532 nm, 1064 nm, 1550 nm). The ALS data were acquired in the Bavarian Forest National Park (Germany) under leaf-on conditions with a maximum point density of 200 points/m 2 . To avoid overfitting of the classifier and to find the most prominent features, we embed a forward feature selection method. We tested our classification procedure using 20 sample plots with 586 measured reference trees. Using single wavelength datasets, the highest accuracy achieved was 74% (wavelength = 1064 nm), followed by 69% (wavelength = 1550 nm) and 65% (wavelength = 532 nm). An improvement of 8–17% over single wavelength datasets was achieved when the multi wavelength data were used. Overall, the contribution of the waveform-based features to the classification accuracy was higher than that of the geometric features by approximately 10%. Our results show that the features derived from a multi wavelength ALS point cloud significantly improve the detailed mapping of tree species and standing dead trees.

scholarly journals Standing Dead Trees are a Conduit for the Atmospheric Flux of CH4 and CO2 from Wetlands

Wetlands ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Jane Carmichael ◽  
Ashley M. Helton ◽  
Joseph C. White ◽  
William K. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Flux ◽  
Dead Trees ◽  
Standing Dead ◽  
Standing Dead Trees

scholarly journals Carbon stock in litter of middle taiga forest ecosystems of Central Siberia

2021 ◽  
Vol 875 (1) ◽  
pp. 012085
Author(s):  
O Sergeeva ◽  
L Mukhortova ◽  
L Krivobokov
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Carbon Stock ◽  
Forest Ecosystems ◽  
Middle Taiga ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Central Siberia ◽  
Multistage Processes ◽  
Taiga Forest

Abstract Litter plays an important role in the carbon cycle of forest ecosystems incorporating significant amount of carbon as a result of annual partial die-off of the biomass and releasing it during complex multistage processes of organic matter decomposition. The balance of these processes in the forests of permafrost zone significantly shifts towards the accumulation of dead organic matter. That makes the assessment of litter stock in these ecosystems particularly relevant, especially in relation to the predicted consequences of climate change in the study region. On the territory of middle taiga of Central Siberia, 14 sampling plots were established in the various landforms (slopes of different exposition, lowlands and uplands). The carbon stock in litter of the main forest types of the studied area varied from 0.47 to 4.46 kgC/m2. Also, the paper considers composition of litter accumulated in these ecosystems, including the ratio between fresh litterfall, fermented and humified plant residues, and dead roots. Our results demonstrated that fermented plant residues prevailed in the litter composition in most types of studied forest ecosystems due to specificity of hydrothermal regime and quality of litterfall. The results obtained might be applied to refine the carbon budget of Siberian forests.

scholarly journals Resources of dead wood in the municipal forests in Warsaw

2015 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 322-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Konrad Skwarek ◽  
Szymon Bijak
Keyword(s):  
National Parks ◽  
Coarse Woody Debris ◽  
Forest Ecosystems ◽  
Dead Wood ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Forest Site ◽  
Natural Forests ◽  
Dead Trees ◽  
Standing Dead ◽  
High Degree

Abstract Dead wood plays an important role for the biodiversity of forest ecosystems and influences their proper development. This study assessed the amount of coarse woody debris in municipal forests in Warsaw (central Poland). Based on the forest site type, dominant tree species and age class, we stratified all complexes of the Warsaw urban forests in order to allocate 55 sample plots. For these plots, we determined the volume of dead wood including standing dead trees, coarse woody debris and broken branches as well as uprooted trees. We calculated the amount of dead wood in the distinguished site-species-age layers and for individual complexes. The volume of dead matter in municipal forests in Warsaw amounted to 38,761 m3, i.e. 13.7 m3/ha. The obtained results correspond to the current regulations concerning the amount of dead organic matter to be left in forests. Only in the Las Bielański complex (northern Warsaw) volume of dead wood is comparable to the level observed in Polish national parks or nature reserves, which is still far lower than the values found for natural forests. In general, municipal forests in Warsaw stand out positively in terms of dead wood quantity and a high degree of variation in the forms and dimensions of dead wood.

scholarly journals MENAKAR SIFAT INVASIF SPESIES AKASIA MANGIUM (Acacia mangium Willd.) DI HUTAN PENELITIAN DAN PENDIDIKAN BUKIT SOEHARTO

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sutedjo Sutedjo ◽  
Warsudi Warsudi
Keyword(s):  
Acacia Mangium ◽  
Dead Trees ◽  
Standing Dead ◽  
Standing Dead Trees

 Akasia mangium (Acacia mangium Willd) bukan tumbuhan asli Kalimantan namun sejak puluhan tahun tumbuh berkembang pesat di berbagai wilayah Kalimantan termasuk Kalimantan Timur. Dikenal sebagai tumbuhan yang mampu tumbuh di lahan kritis sehingga pada awal tahun 1990-an dijadikan tanaman  reboisasi sekaligus pengendali alang-alang di wilayah kritis hutan penelitian dan pendidikan Universitas Mulawarman di Bukit Soeharto. Mengherankan, bahwa beberapa tahun taerkhir sebagian praktisi kehutanan dan reklamasi pascatambang merasa gamang menggunakan A. mangium, khawatir jika jenis tersebut akan benar benar menjadi spesies invasif.  Gejala untuk menolak bahkan menghindari  A. mangium sebagai komoditas kehutanan terutama sebagai jenis pengendali lahan kritis mulai meluas. Untuk mengetahui seberapa benar anggapan Acacia mangium sebagai jenis invasif maka dilakukan evaluasi dengan melakukan analisis vegetasi terhadap 3 ha tegakan hutan A. mangium yang ditanam di Bukit Soeharto sebagai uji petik yang saat sekarang telah berumur sekitar 25 tahun. Hasil evaluasi membuktikan bahwa jumlah tanaman per ha (kerapatan) pohon A. mangium menurun (kurang dari jumlah saat ditanam atau sekitar 800 individu/ha). Jumlah yang menurun itupun cenderung mengelompok. Sebagian pohon bahkan ditemukan dalam kondisi mati generasi (standing dead trees). Sementara itu jumlah spesies pohon setempat (local trees species) juga mulai muncul di antara tegakan A.mangium. Dengan demikian terbukti  bahwa A. mngium bukanlah tipe invasif  yang sesungguhnya dan tidak ada alasan utuk menolak penggunaannya sebagai tanaman pengendali lahan kritis selama potensi ancaman terjadinya kebakaran lahan hutan dapat dicegah.

scholarly journals The structure of forest stands in the Tatra National Park: The results of 2016–2017 inventory

2019 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Bodziarczyk ◽  
Jerzy Szwagrzyk ◽  
Tomasz Zwijacz-Kozica ◽  
Antoni Zięba ◽  
Janusz Szewczyk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Picea Abies ◽  
Fagus Sylvatica ◽  
National Park ◽  
Forest Stands ◽  
Protection Zone ◽  
Dead Trees ◽  
Standing Dead ◽  
Elevation Zone ◽  
Standing Dead Trees ◽  
Tatra National Park

Abstract The composition and structure of forest stands in the Tatra National Park were examined using data gathered in 2016 and 2017 from 617 circular sample plots (0.05 ha each). The diameter at breast height of all living trees, standing dead trees, snags, and wind throws was measured along with diameters and lengths of fallen logs within the plot boundaries. Tree height was measured for all living trees within the core (0.01 ha) of the sample plots. Using the obtained data, height-diameter curves were calculated for all major tree species and in the case of spruce, the height-diameter relationships were also calculated separately for each of the three elevation zones (up to 1200 m, between 1200 and 1400 m, above 1400 m). For each elevation zone and park protection zone, we also determined the volumes of live and dead trees. The volume of living trees in the Tatra National Park amounted to 259 m3/ha, which was higher than the volume of dead trees (176 m3/ha). Snags constituted the largest part of the dead wood whilst over 97% of the standing dead trees were spruce Picea abies. Among living trees, the share of spruce ranged from 81% in the low elevation zone to 98% in the middle zone. Other significant species in the lower zone were Abies alba (11%) and Fagus sylvatica (4.5%), while in the middle and upper elevation zones only Sorbus aucuparia occurred in significant numbers. Furthermore, in the lower elevation zone, Fagus sylvatica was the only species displaying significantly higher volumes in the ‘strict protection’ zone compared to the other park areas. In the ‘landscape protection’ zone, Picea abies was the most dominant species and the share of other species in the lowest elevation zones calculated based on tree density was smaller than calculated based on tree volume, indicating problems with stand conversion from spruce monoculture to mixed forest.

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