Separability-based selection of cost-effective control of multistep processes in limited time and money

Modeling as a research method usually consists not in the preparation of proposals and the formation of technical requirements in the created sample, but at the stages of conceptual and technical design, in the development of product samples in systems using them, as well as in various tests. This article discusses optimal control of multi-step processes. Usually, in practice, the problem of constructing models of multistage processes, as a rule, is complicated by the universality, uncertainty and nonlinearity of the simulated objects, complete or partial lack of expert experience and analytical description of dependencies. Mathematical models describing chemical technology consider the partitioning of the state into discrete stages.

Carbon stock in litter of middle taiga forest ecosystems of Central Siberia

Litter plays an important role in the carbon cycle of forest ecosystems incorporating significant amount of carbon as a result of annual partial die-off of the biomass and releasing it during complex multistage processes of organic matter decomposition. The balance of these processes in the forests of permafrost zone significantly shifts towards the accumulation of dead organic matter. That makes the assessment of litter stock in these ecosystems particularly relevant, especially in relation to the predicted consequences of climate change in the study region. On the territory of middle taiga of Central Siberia, 14 sampling plots were established in the various landforms (slopes of different exposition, lowlands and uplands). The carbon stock in litter of the main forest types of the studied area varied from 0.47 to 4.46 kgC/m2. Also, the paper considers composition of litter accumulated in these ecosystems, including the ratio between fresh litterfall, fermented and humified plant residues, and dead roots. Our results demonstrated that fermented plant residues prevailed in the litter composition in most types of studied forest ecosystems due to specificity of hydrothermal regime and quality of litterfall. The results obtained might be applied to refine the carbon budget of Siberian forests.

Disazo (Bishydrazone) condensation pigments

Disazo condensation pigments were developed in the mid-twentieth century as a range of high-performance azo pigments to meet the stringent demands placed on the technical properties required for applications in growing markets such as automotive paints, plastics, and fibers. The commercial products vary in shade from yellow through red to brown. Structurally, the pigments are related to the classical yellow azoacetoacetanilides or red azonaphthols by synthetically connecting two monoazo derivatives by a condensation reaction involving an aromatic diamine. The resulting pigment molecules are of extremely large molecular size with the presence of several amide groups, factors that determine their excellent set of fastness properties. The procedures used in their manufacture involve complex and demanding multistage processes, and this explains the higher cost of these pigments. The application performance attributes provided by the individual commercial products are discussed in detail in the final section.

Methods of Mathematical Modeling of the Leaching Process of Cobalt-Containing Solutions

Current cobalt processing practices are described. This article discusses the advantages of the group argument accounting method for mathematical modeling of the leaching process of cobalt solutions. Identification of the mathematical model of the cascade of reactors of cobalt-producing is presented. Group method of data handling is allowing: to eliminate the need to calculate quantities of chemical kinetics; to get the opportunity to take into account the results of mixed experiments; to exclude the influence of random interference on the simulation results. The proposed model confirms the capabilities of the group method of data handling for describing multistage processes.

THE PROBABILITY OF FAILURE OF THE HEATING CONTROL UNIT DURING THE FLIGHT AND ITS CONSEQUENCES

The article presents the results of predicting the probability of failure of the heating control unit during flight on the basis of mathematical modeling of multistage processes of performing operations in stochastic productive systems. The problem statement is formed as follows: to determine the probability of failure of the heating control unit during the flight and its possible consequences. The structural and functional diagram of the heating control unit using a strict formal mathematical description based on equations describing the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process was considered as an initial object for determining the probability of failure.

Promising world scientific and technological areas of research in the field of "Air"

Climate change is a major global development challenge with potentially serious threats to the global economy and international security due to increased risks related to energy security, food and drinking water, stable ecosystems, and risks to human health and life. The climate crisis continues unabated as the world community evades the full responsibility needed to overcome it. Despite the sharp reduction in human activity due to the COVID-19 crisis, which led to a 6% reduction in emissions projected for 2020, emissions are expected to increase with the lifting of restrictions. Governments and businesses must use the learned lessons and opportunities arising from this crisis to accelerate the transitions needed to reach the Paris Agreement and the Sendai Framework Program for Disaster Risk Reduction for 2015-2030. If the world does not act urgently now, the catastrophic effects of climate change will be far greater than the current pandemic. We need to rethink our relationship with the environment and make systemic shifts and transformational changes to become economies with low greenhouse gas emissions and resilience to climate change. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change sets out the framework for addressing this issue, including the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goal No. 13 "Climate Action". Ukraine, as a party to the Paris Agreement to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, is committed to making a national contribution to achieving the goals of sustainable low-carbon economic development and increasing its ability to adapt to the adverse effects of climate change, in particular by reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The achievement of the SDG No. 13, approved taking into account the specifics of Ukraine's development, is envisaged using innovative technologies to limit greenhouse gas emissions (National Task No. 13.1 "Limiting greenhouse gas emissions in the economy"). The Ukrainian Institute of Scientific and Technical Expertise and Information performed research for the prospects of scientific and technological areas in the field of "Air" to determine innovative technologies for limiting greenhouse gas emissions and implementing the national task No. 13.1. Identifying the world's promising scientific and technological areas of research and existing technologies is an important and necessary step in determining the topics of effective research and technological forecasting in Ukraine. To determine innovative technologies for limiting greenhouse gas emissions, scientists of the Ukrainian Institute of Scientific and Technical Expertise and Information have performed the following: 1) improving the methodology of scientific and technological forecasting using the patent landscape and intellectual property analytics; 2) determination of the world's most promising scientific and technological areas. The study was carried out on the basis of scientific publications in the international database Web of Science and patents in the international database Derwent Innovation. Promising scientific directions in the "Air" thematic field are the following Top-10 directions: utilization of carbon dioxide; air filtration; air quality monitoring; silicone membranes; multistage processes; air purification; emission inventory; dust collector; chemical cleaning; catalytic methods. Promising technological areas in the "Air" thematic field are the following Top-10 areas: air quality monitoring; air filtration; air purification; air sensors; chemical cleaning; gas drying; dust collector; flocculation; adsorption; multistage processes. Comparative analysis of the research results in scientific and technological areas gives grounds for the conclusion that in the thematic area "Air" the priority technological areas in the world are the following: air quality monitoring; air filtration; multistage processes; air purification; dust collector; chemical cleaning.

"KOREAN WAVE" IN THE DIALECTIC OF CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT

The article covers the consideration of the "Korean Wave" as one of the manifestations of dialectical laws of culture development. The interpretation of the phenomenon only as a situational model of state cultural policy is refuted through the analysis as an incorrect and unreasonably narrowed understanding. We consider the "Korean Wave"as a variant of the cultural wave, which is a constant element in general processes of cultural development of mankind; we substantiate the grounds for its studying from the point of view of dialectical unity of internal and external factors. We show that the features of its formation and functioning determined by this way have expert ability in the analysis of the processes of culture creation, which are extremely accelerated today. In this connection, essential comprehension of the culture as living organism, caused by spiritual and generic motivations of a man and connected with his continuous self-development, displays its principality. In this sense, the "Korean Wave",a phenomenon of modern stage of culture development, shows itself as its regular stage, connected with its dynamicmorphological features. It displays an example of the cultural wave as a component of general cultural cyclicality, caused by permanent motionfraught with excitationand wavyoutbursts. Every such wave, having its historically specific motivation, is transparent regarding general mechanisms of cultural development. The absence of direct studies of culture dialectics, one component of which is shown by the phenomenon of the cultural wave, is the cause of dominating in modern culture studies of a descriptive factology principle. From the position of understanding the dialectics of general cultural movement, the appearance of a new one, the"Korean Wave"in this case, is a result of complicated multistage processes happening in the public culture body, where quantity is transformed into quality, trends into laws in response to spiritual needs of a man. It completely concerns the "Korean Wave"as well, as in collisions of its appearance, the complicated relations between the old and the new, tradition and situationality, closeness and openness, emotional and rational issues are involved.