scholarly journals Response of a local rice variety Pandanwangi to infection of bacterial leaf blight Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae strain III, IV, and VIII

2021 ◽  
Vol 905 (1) ◽  
pp. 012068
Author(s):  
Hadiwiyono ◽  
S H Poromarto ◽  
S Widono ◽  
R F Rizal
Keyword(s):  
Rice Variety ◽  
Leaf Blight ◽  
Rice Production ◽  
Xanthomonas Oryzae ◽  
Bacterial Leaf Blight ◽  
Artificial Inoculation ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Bacterial Suspension ◽  
West Java ◽  
Local Cultivar

Abstract Bacterial leaf blight (BLB) caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) is one of the limiting factors in rice production. A local cultivar, rice “Pandanwangi” is a superior variety much preferred and cultivated by the farmers in Cianjur, West Java, Indonesia. The information about the response of “Pandangwangi” to Xoo is still poorly understood. This paper reports the results of the evaluation of “Pandanwangi” response against BLB. This research was conducted in a greenhouse with artificial inoculation using Xoo strains III, IV, and VIII with bacterial suspension at 108 cfu.mL−1. The results showed that the response of cv Pandanwangi to Xoo infection was different from the strain of Xoo. “Pandanwangi” cultivar was susceptible to Xoo strain III and VIII and very susceptible to strain IV.

scholarly journals PEMANFAATAN PIRAMIDA GEN KETAHANAN TERHADAP PENYAKIT HAWAR DAUN BAKTERI DALAM MENDUKUNG PERAKITAN VARIETAS UNGGUL PADI Application of Gene Pyramiding For Resistance to Bacterial Leaf Blight to Develop New Rice Variety

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Fatimah Fatimah ◽  
Joko Prasetiyono
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Marker ◽  
Rice Variety ◽  
Gene Pyramiding ◽  
Leaf Blight ◽  
Rice Production ◽  
Xanthomonas Oryzae ◽  
Bacterial Leaf Blight ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Marker Assisted Backcrossing

<p>Bacterial leaf blight (BLB) caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae (Xoo) is an important bacterial disease and very destructive to rice plant. BLB decreased rice production from 20%-30% up to 80%. Host-plant resistance is a cost-effective and environmentally safe approach to reduce yield loss. However the development of new rice variety by conventional selection would take several years. The genetic improvement in rice production considered as a vital program in order to ensure national food security. The availability of corresponding molecular marker makes it more precision and efficient by reducing the time required for selection. This present article highlights the molecular approach in breeding for BLB disease resistant rice varieties. In detail, it will be discussed the application of molecular marker assisted backcrossing and pyramiding gene resistance offered breeders to accelerate the rice breeding program for resistance to BLB. The pyramiding of three resistance BLB genes (xa5, Xa7, and Xa21and one gene (Xa4) as a background into two elite indica rice varieties, Ciherang and Inpari 13, was introduced successfully. The combining of conventional breeding, marker assisted backcrossing, disease evaluation, agronomic performance and yield has led the significant resistance of pyramid lines to Xoo Race III, IV and VIII in vegetative and generative phase while their yield potential was maintained (6-7 ton/ha). The current status of Ciherang-HDB and Inpari 13-HDB pyramid lines is the production of nucleoseeds and breeder seeds. This broad spectrum and durable resistance characteristic may help in controlling BLB disease in different region of Indonesia and it will facilitate the rice self-sustainability program.</p><p>Keywords: Rice, gene pyramiding, plant breeding, molecular marker.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Abstrak</strong></p><p>Penyakit hawar daun bakteri (HDB) yang disebabkan oleh Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae (Xoo) merupakan penyakit penting pada tanaman padi karena dapat menurunkan produksi padi rata-rata 20-30% bahkan dapat mencapai 80%. Penggunaan varietas tahan merupakan cara pengendalian yang paling efektif, ramah lingkungan, dan mudah dilakukan. Namun pengembangan varietas unggul baru melalui seleksi konvensional memerlukan waktu lebih lama. Perbaikan varietas padi perlu terus dikembangkan dalam mendukung ketahanan pangan dan kemandirian pangan nasional. Tersedianya marka molekuler membantu proses pemuliaan tanaman menjadi lebih presisi dan lebih efisien sehingga mengurangi waktu seleksi pada tanaman progeni. Tulisan ini memfokuskan pendekatan molekuler dalam pemuliaan varietas tahan penyakit HDB melalui piramida gen ketahanan untuk mempercepat progam pemuliaan padi tahan penyakit HDB. Kegiatan menggabungkan tiga gen ketahanan (xa5, Xa7, dan Xa21) dan satu gen (Xa4) sebagai background ke dalam padi varietas Ciherang dan Inpari-13 telah berhasil dilakukan. Melalui penggabungan beberapa pendekatan yaitu pemuliaan konvensional dan silang balik berbantu marka, evaluasi penyakit dan keragaan agronomi serta komponen hasil telah menunjukkan peningkatan ketahanan yang nyata pada galur-galur piramida Ciherang HDB dan Inpari-13 HDB pada tiga ras Xoo (Ras III, IV, dan VIII), baik pada fase vegetatif maupun generatif dengan potensi hasil tidak berbeda nyata dengan tetuanya (6-7 t/ha). Saat ini sudah diproduksi benih inti (NS) dan benih penjenis (BS) galur-galur piramida Ciherang HDB dan Inpari-13 HDB. Dengan demikian, galur-galur piramida memiliki spektrum yang luas dan mampu bertahan dalam jangka waktu lama sehingga dapat mengontrol penyakit HDB di berbagai wilayah Indonesia dan mendukung target pemerintah untuk mempertahankan swasembada beras secara berkelanjutan.</p><p>Kata kunci: Padi, piramida gen, pemuliaan tanaman, marka molekuler.<br /><br /></p><p> </p>

scholarly journals Selection Resistance of Rice Germplasm Accessions to Bacterial Leaf Blight

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dini Yuliani ◽  
Rina H. Wening ◽  
NFN Sudir
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Blight ◽  
Xanthomonas Oryzae ◽  
Bacterial Leaf Blight ◽  
Resistant Variety ◽  
Bacterial Suspension ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Isogenic Lines ◽  
Resistant Varieties ◽  
Cropping Seasons ◽  
Germplasm Accessions

<p>Seleksi Ketahanan Aksesi Plasma Nutfah Padi terhadap Hawar Daun Bakteri. Dini Yuliani, Rina H. Wening, dan Sudir. Usaha budi daya tanaman padi di Indonesia selalu dihadapkan pada berbagai kendala, di antaranya serangan penyakit hawar daun bakteri (HDB) yang disebabkan oleh bakteri Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo). Pengendalian penyakit HDB dengan varietas tahan merupakan salah satu teknik yang murah dan mudah dilakukan oleh petani padi. Aksesi plasma nutfah sebagai sumber tetua untuk perakitan varietas tahan perlu diketahui reaksi ketahanannya terhadap penyakit HDB. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menyeleksi ketahanan aksesi plasma nutfah terhadap penyakit HDB patotipe III, IV, dan VIII. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Kebun Percobaan Balai Besar Penelitian Tanaman Padi di Sukamandi, Subang, Jawa Barat pada Musim Hujan 2012/2013 dan Musim Kemarau 2013 dengan Rancangan Acak Terpisah. Petak utama adalah tiga patotipe Xoo, yaitu patotipe III, IV, dan VIII. Sedangkan anak petak adalah materi yang diuji, yaitu 20 aksesi plasma nutfah dan tiga varietas pembanding. Sebanyak 20 rumpun tanaman per petak diinokulasi Xoo dengan metode pengguntingan. Inokulasi dilakukan pada saat pertanaman menjelang stadium primordia. Ujung-ujung daun digunting sepanjang kira-kira 10 cm dari ujung daun dengan gunting inokulasi yang berisi suspensi bakteri Xoo umur 48 jam dengan kepekatan 108 cfu. Pengamatan keparahan penyakit HDB dilakukan dengan mengukur panjang gejala terpanjang pada umur dua, tiga, dan empat minggu setelah inokulasi. Hasil pengujian ketahanan terhadap HDB patotipe III, IV, dan VIII diperoleh tiga aksesi plasma nutfah yang berasal dari galur isogenik menunjukkan keparahan penyakit HDB tidak berbeda nyata dengan varietas pembanding tahan Angke pada dua musim tanam. Galur isogenik tersebut, yaitu IRBB 55, IRBB 60, dan IRBB 61. Ketiga galur isogenik tersebut dapat dijadikan tetua tahan dalam perakitan varietas unggul baru tahan HDB.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Abstrak</strong></p><p>Rice cultivation in Indonesia has been faced with many obstacles, including the attack of bacterial leaf blight (BLB) that caused by bacteria Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo). Resistant variety was considered as the cheap technique to control BLB disease and could be used by rice farmers. Germplasm accessions as a source to build resistant varieties must be known their resistance to BLB disease. This study aimed at selecting the resistance germplasm accessions to BLB pathotype III, IV, and VIII. The study was conducted at the Experimental Station of the Indonesian Center for Rice Research in Sukamandi, Subang, West Java at wet season 2012/2013 and dry season 2013 with Split Plot Design. The main plot was three pathotypes Xoo i.e. pathotype III, IV, and VIII. The subplot was 20 germplasm accessions and three check varieties. A total of 20 hills of rice plants per plot were inoculated by Xoo with cutting method. Inoculation was conducted before the primordia stage. Inoculation of bacterial suspension containing Xoo aged 48 hours at a concentration of 108 cfu. Observations BLB disease severity was done by measuring the longest length of symptoms at the age of two, three, and four weeks after inoculation (WAI). The result showed that three germplasm accessions from near isogenic lines were not significantly different with the check varieties (Angke) in their resistance to Xoo pathotype III, IV, and VIII in two cropping seasons. The isogenic lines were IRBB 55, IRBB 60, and IRBB 61 can be used in the assembly of resistant new varieties to BLB.</p>

scholarly journals Molecular Detection of Resistance To Bacterial Leaf Blight on Conde Indonesian Rice Variety

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatimah Fatimah ◽  
Joko Prasetiyono ◽  
Aqwin Polosoro ◽  
Mushlihatun Baroya
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Alignment ◽  
Molecular Detection ◽  
Nucleotide Substitution ◽  
Gene Action ◽  
Rice Variety ◽  
Leaf Blight ◽  
Xanthomonas Oryzae ◽  
Bacterial Leaf Blight ◽  
Cultivated Rice ◽  
Similar Gene

Rice bacterial leaf blight (BLB) disease caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) affected grain yield and decreasing rice production in rice growing countries. Conde, Indonesian rice variety, exhibits high resistance to most of the Indonesian races of (BLB) and has been used in Indonesia for cultivated rice. This study was aimed to conduct the molecular detection between proximal markers in chromosome 6 and relative expression of Conde rice variety compare to IRBB7 in Xa7 region. The population screening, BLB evaluation and molecular detection around the Xa7 region were conducted. The results showed from the collection of individual recombinants between resistant and susceptible parents narrow the region containing the BTBPOZ domain. The sequence alignment of Xa7LD37 in two resistant and three susceptible cultivars demonstrated a perfect association. The sequence alignment in exon region of Loc_Os06g46240 in Nipponbare, IRBB7, and IR64 identified indel/SNPs in this region leading to nucleotide substitution and frameshift resulting in amino acid change between resistant and susceptible cultivars. It was predicted that Conde revealed the similar gene action with Xa7 gene for BLB that encodes a BTB POZ domain.

scholarly journals PATHOTYPE PROFILE OF Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae ISOLATES FROM THE RICE ECOSYSTEM IN JAVA

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suparyono Suparyono ◽  
Sudir Sudir ◽  
Suprihanto Suprihanto
Keyword(s):  
Disease Severity ◽  
Rice Production ◽  
Xanthomonas Oryzae ◽  
Bacterial Leaf Blight ◽  
Bacterial Disease ◽  
West Java ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Resistant Varieties ◽  
Rice Ecosystem

At present, bacterial leaf blight of rice caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae is highly damaging to rice production in Indonesia as most of the existing commercial rice varieties are susceptible to the existing  pathotypes of the bacteria. To solve  such problems, varietal rotation should be based on information on the existence and dominance of local pathotypes in a particular rice ecosystem. To obtain this information, a total of 117 isolates of X. oryzae pv. oryzae, collected from West Java, Central Java, and Yogyakarta, were evaluated for their pathotype variation on five differential rice varieties during the dry season of 2000. When disease severity was &lt; 10%, the reaction was classified as resistant (R) and when &gt; 11%, was susceptible (S). The data indicated that 3.42% of the isolates were pathotype III, 12.82% were pathotype IV, and 83.76% were pathotype VIII. In West Java, the bacterial pathotypes III, IV, and VIII were 4.94%, 14.81%, and 80.25%, respectively. In low elevation areas, 4.94%, 9.88%, and 45.68% were pathotypes III, IV, and VIII, respectively and in medium areas, 4.94% were pathotypes IV and 34.57% were pathotype VIII. In Central Java, no pathotype III was found, while pathotypes IV and VIII were as much as 4.52% and 90.48%, respectively. In low elevation areas, no pathotypes III was recovered, and a total of 9.53% and 76.19% were identified as pathotypes IV and VIII, respectively, and in medium areas only pathotype VIII (14.29%) was identified. In Yogyakarta, pathotypes IV and VIII were found. In low elevation areas, 6.67% and 93.33% were pathotypes IV and VIII, respectively and in medium areas, 14.29% and 85.71% were pathotypes IV and VIII, respectively. The data indicated that variation in pathotype composition over different locations was obvious and locally specific resistant varieties to the disease are needed in the management of this important bacterial disease in rice.

scholarly journals The Resistance of Local Pigmented Rice Varieties against Bacterial Leaf Blight

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 205
Author(s):  
Tri Joko ◽  
Kristamtini Kristamtini ◽  
Sumarno Sumarno ◽  
Rofiq Andriyanto
Keyword(s):  
Rice Variety ◽  
Leaf Blight ◽  
Bacterial Leaf Blight ◽  
Resistant Variety ◽  
Bacterial Suspension ◽  
Red Rice ◽  
Black Rice ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
White Rice ◽  
Progress Curve

Bacterial leaf blight (BLB) caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) is an important disease in rice plants worldwide, including in Indonesia. The use of resistant variety against BLB is the best effort in disease control because it is considered as the most effective and environmentally friendly. This study aimed to evaluate the resistance of local varieties, red rice (cv. Sembada Merah) and black rice (cv. Sembada Hitam), against Xoo compared to white rice variety (Ciherang), commonly cultivated by the farmers. The study was conducted in a greenhouse and arranged in Factorial of Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 5 replications and 2 treatment factors: variety (Sembada Hitam, Sembada Merah, and Ciherang) and inoculation (with and without inoculated by Xoo bacterial suspension). Xoo inoculation was performed by clipping the leaves that close to the reproductive phase when the heading begins to be produced. The disease intensity and Area Under Disease Progress Curve (AUDPC) over two weeks were used to determine the level of resistance of the tested plant varieties. The results showed that black rice and red rice had better levels of resistance against BLB compared to white rice. At two weeks after inoculation, Sembada Hitam had the lowest AUDPC value followed by Sembada Merah, while the Ciherang had the highest AUDPC value and was categorized as a susceptible variety to Xoo.

scholarly journals Molecular Detection of Resistance To Bacterial Leaf Blight on Conde Indonesian Rice Variety

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
Fatimah Fatimah ◽  
Joko Prasetiyono ◽  
Aqwin Polosoro ◽  
Mushlihatun Baroya
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Alignment ◽  
Molecular Detection ◽  
Nucleotide Substitution ◽  
Gene Action ◽  
Rice Variety ◽  
Leaf Blight ◽  
Xanthomonas Oryzae ◽  
Bacterial Leaf Blight ◽  
Cultivated Rice ◽  
Similar Gene

Rice bacterial leaf blight (BLB) disease caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) affected grain yield and decreasing rice production in rice growing countries. Conde, Indonesian rice variety, exhibits high resistance to most of the Indonesian races of (BLB) and has been used in Indonesia for cultivated rice. This study was aimed to conduct the molecular detection between proximal markers in chromosome 6 and relative expression of Conde rice variety compare to IRBB7 in Xa7 region. The population screening, BLB evaluation and molecular detection around the Xa7 region were conducted. The results showed from the collection of individual recombinants between resistant and susceptible parents narrow the region containing the BTBPOZ domain. The sequence alignment of Xa7LD37 in two resistant and three susceptible cultivars demonstrated a perfect association. The sequence alignment in exon region of Loc_Os06g46240 in Nipponbare, IRBB7, and IR64 identified indel/SNPs in this region leading to nucleotide substitution and frameshift resulting in amino acid change between resistant and susceptible cultivars. It was predicted that Conde revealed the similar gene action with Xa7 gene for BLB that encodes a BTB POZ domain.

scholarly journals Design and transfer of OsSWEET14-editing T-DNA construct to bac thom 7 rice cultivar

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vu Hoai Sam ◽  
Pham Thi Van ◽  
Nguyen Thanh Ha ◽  
Nguyen Thi Thu Ha ◽  
Phung Thi Thu Huong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rice Variety ◽  
Sugar Transport ◽  
Rice Cultivar ◽  
Leaf Blight ◽  
Xanthomonas Oryzae ◽  
Bacterial Leaf Blight ◽  
Induced Mutations ◽  
Transcription Activator ◽  
Rna Complex

Bac thom 7 rice (BT7 rice) is one of the major elite rice cultivars in Vietnam with superior productivity and quality but very susceptible to bacterial leaf blight caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. The gene OsSWEET14, belonging to the OsSWEET family which encodes sugar transport proteins, is considered to be a susceptible gene involved in the virulence of Xoo. At least three cis-elements (EBE - Effector-binding element), including Tal5, PthXo3 and AvrXa7 on BT7 OsSWEET14 promoter, bind specifically to well-known transcription activator–like effectors (TALEs) of many Asian Xoo bacterium strains. In this study, a T-DNA construct which expressed the protein-RNA complex CRISPR/Cas for editing three EBEs position on the OsSWEET14 promoter was designed. The recombinant binary vector was tested by PCR, restriction enzyme and finally sequencing and then successfully transferred to Bac thom 7 rice through Agrobacterium tumefaciens. 28 of 30 hygromycin-resistant regenerated rice lines that grew and developed normally under nethouse conditions were selected by PCR with specific primers. Among these, twelve transgenic rice lines were identified carrying one copy of the T-DNA construct. The presence of CRISPR/Cas9-induced mutations of the targeted promoter in the transgenic plants were confirmed by T7EI assay. These results provide the basis to determine the role of OsSWEET14 in the susceptibility of Bac thom 7 rice to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae -caused disease, towards the further goal of generating an improved Bac thom 7 rice variety with broad-spectrum bacterial leaf blight resistance using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. 

scholarly journals PATHOTYPE PROFILE OF Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae ISOLATES FROM THE RICE ECOSYSTEM IN JAVA

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 63
Author(s):  
Suparyono Suparyono ◽  
Sudir Sudir ◽  
Suprihanto Suprihanto
Keyword(s):  
Disease Severity ◽  
Rice Production ◽  
Xanthomonas Oryzae ◽  
Bacterial Leaf Blight ◽  
Bacterial Disease ◽  
West Java ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Resistant Varieties ◽  
Rice Ecosystem

At present, bacterial leaf blight of rice caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae is highly damaging to rice production in Indonesia as most of the existing commercial rice varieties are susceptible to the existing  pathotypes of the bacteria. To solve  such problems, varietal rotation should be based on information on the existence and dominance of local pathotypes in a particular rice ecosystem. To obtain this information, a total of 117 isolates of X. oryzae pv. oryzae, collected from West Java, Central Java, and Yogyakarta, were evaluated for their pathotype variation on five differential rice varieties during the dry season of 2000. When disease severity was &lt; 10%, the reaction was classified as resistant (R) and when &gt; 11%, was susceptible (S). The data indicated that 3.42% of the isolates were pathotype III, 12.82% were pathotype IV, and 83.76% were pathotype VIII. In West Java, the bacterial pathotypes III, IV, and VIII were 4.94%, 14.81%, and 80.25%, respectively. In low elevation areas, 4.94%, 9.88%, and 45.68% were pathotypes III, IV, and VIII, respectively and in medium areas, 4.94% were pathotypes IV and 34.57% were pathotype VIII. In Central Java, no pathotype III was found, while pathotypes IV and VIII were as much as 4.52% and 90.48%, respectively. In low elevation areas, no pathotypes III was recovered, and a total of 9.53% and 76.19% were identified as pathotypes IV and VIII, respectively, and in medium areas only pathotype VIII (14.29%) was identified. In Yogyakarta, pathotypes IV and VIII were found. In low elevation areas, 6.67% and 93.33% were pathotypes IV and VIII, respectively and in medium areas, 14.29% and 85.71% were pathotypes IV and VIII, respectively. The data indicated that variation in pathotype composition over different locations was obvious and locally specific resistant varieties to the disease are needed in the management of this important bacterial disease in rice.

scholarly journals Characterization of New Races of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae in Mali Informs Resistance Gene Deployment

2020 ◽  
Vol 110 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-277
Author(s):  
C. Tekete ◽  
S. Cunnac ◽  
H. Doucouré ◽  
M. Dembele ◽  
I. Keita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Gene ◽  
Rice Variety ◽  
Leaf Blight ◽  
Rice Cultivation ◽  
Xanthomonas Oryzae ◽  
Bacterial Leaf Blight ◽  
Local Source ◽  
Sources Of Resistance ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
New Races

Bacterial leaf blight caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae represents a severe threat to rice cultivation in Mali. Characterizing the pathotypic diversity of bacterial populations is key to the management of pathogen-resistant varieties. Forty-one X. oryzae pv. oryzae isolates were collected between 2010 and 2013 in the major rice growing regions in Mali. All isolates were virulent on the susceptible rice variety Azucena; evaluation of the isolates on 12 near isogenic rice lines, each carrying a single resistance gene, identified six new races (A4 to A9) and confirmed race A3 that was previously reported in Mali. Races A5 and A6, isolated in Office du Niger and Sélingué, were the most prevalent races in Mali. Race A9 was the most virulent, circumventing all of the resistance genes tested. Xa3 controlled six of seven races (i.e., 89% of the isolates tested). The expansion of race A9 represents a major risk to rice cultivation and highlights the urgent need to identify a local source of resistance. We selected 14 isolates of X. oryzae pv. oryzae representative of the most prevalent races to evaluate 29 rice varieties grown by farmers in Mali. Six isolates showed a high level of resistance to X. oryzae pv. oryzae and were then screened with a larger collection of isolates. Based on the interactions among the six varieties and the X. oryzae pv. oryzae isolates, we characterized eight different pathotypes (P1 to P8). Two rice varieties, SK20-28 and Gigante, effectively controlled all of the isolates tested. The low association observed among races and pathotypes of X. oryzae pv. oryzae suggests that the resistance observed in the local rice varieties does not simply rely on single known Xa genes. X. oryzae pv. oryzae is pathogenically and geographically diverse. Both the races of X. oryzae pv. oryzae characterized in this study and the identification of sources of resistance in local rice varieties provide useful information to inform the design of effective breeding programs for resistance to bacterial leaf blight in Mali.

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