Seasonal Ekman upwelling in the Southwest Sumba from INDESO Model

Abstract Southwest Sumba water is part of the Indonesian fisheries management region (WPP573). Marine fisheries resources are influenced by oceanographic phenomena such as an upwelling event. This study aims to describe characteristics of seasonal Ekman upwelling by analyzing oceanographic parameters from the validated INDESO model output (2008-2014). It shows that upwelling event in the study area occurs during the Southeast Monsoon period, which creates an Ekman drift of 0.26 Sv towards offshore. This transported water mass is then replaced by an upwelled vertical flow of sub-surface colder and nutrient-rich water at the velocity of the order of 10−4 m/s. Surface features of the upwelling event are seen from a minimum temperature (24.3 °C), sea level anomaly (0.34 m), but the maximum of chlorophyll-a (3.02 mg/m3). During this time, an uplifted isotherm of 25.5 °C is found from sub-surface to 10 m depth, but it is outcropped at the sea surface in the centre of upwelling area. Interestingly, during upwelling event, salinity stratification revealed an isohaline of 34.10 psu is much deeper at 40 m depth, and much fresher water mass from the Ombai Indonesian Throughflow water is dominant. Averaged temperature-based upwelling index between June-September is about 0.3 °C.

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WATER MASSES CHARACTERISTICS AT THE SANGHIE TALAUD ENTRY PASSAGE OF INDONESIAN THROUGHFLOW USING INDEX SATAL DATA 2010

Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Kelautan Tropis ◽

10.28930/jitkt.v6i2.9027 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Ivonne M Radjawane ◽

Paundra P Hadipoetranto

Keyword(s):

North Pacific ◽

Water Mass ◽

Sea Water ◽

Core Layer ◽

South Pacific ◽

New Guinea ◽

Water Masses ◽

Coastal Current ◽

Indonesian Throughflow ◽

Pacific Water

ABSTRACT Measurement of ocean physical parameters using the CTD was conducted by deep water expedition INDEX-SATAL 2010 (Indonesian Expedition Sangihe-Talaud) in July-August 2010. The aim of this study was to determine the characteristics of water masses around the Sangihe Talaud Water where there was an entry passage of Indonesian throughflow (ITF) at the west pathway that passed through the primary pathway i.e., the Sulawesi Sea and Makassar Strait and the secondary pathway (east pathway) that passed through the Halmahera Sea. The analyses were performed by the method of the core layer and was processed with software Ocean Data View (ODV). The results showed that in the Sangihe Talaud waters there was a meeting water masses from the North Pacific and the South Pacific. The water mass characteristics in main pathway through the Sulawesi Sea was dominated by surface and intermediate North Pacific water masses and carried by the Mindanao Currents. While the Halmahera Sea water mass was dominated by surface and intermediate South Pacific water masses carried by the New Guinea Coastal Current that moved along the Papua New Guinea and Papua coast enters to the Halmahera Sea. Keywords: Index-Satal 2010, Northern Pacific Water Masses, Southern Pacific Water Masses, Sangihe Talaud

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The Regional Ice Ocean Prediction System v2: a pan-Canadian ocean analysis system

10.5194/gmd-2020-255 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Gregory C. Smith ◽

Yimin Liu ◽

Mounir Benkiran ◽

Kamel Chikhar ◽

Dorina Surcel Colan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gulf Stream ◽

Water Mass ◽

Grid Resolution ◽

Sea Surface ◽

Prediction System ◽

Sea Level Anomaly ◽

Tidal Harmonic ◽

Mass Properties ◽

Ocean Prediction ◽

Analysis System

Abstract. Canada has the longest coastline in the world and includes a diversity of ocean environments, from the frozen waters of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago to the confluence region of Labrador and Gulf Stream waters on the East Coast. There is a strong need for a pan-Canadian operational regional ocean prediction capacity covering all Canadian coastal areas, in support of marine activities including emergency response, search and rescue as well as safe navigation in ice-infested waters. Here we present the first pan-Canadian operational regional ocean analysis system developed as part of the Regional Ice Ocean Prediction System version 2 (RIOPSv2) running in operations at the Canadian Centre for Meteorological and Environmental Prediction (CCMEP). The RIOPSv2 domain extends from 26° N in the Atlantic Ocean through the Arctic Ocean to 44° N in the Pacific Ocean, with a model grid-resolution that varies between 3 and 8 km. RIOPSv2 includes a multi-variate data assimilation system based on a reduced-order extended Kalman filter together with a 3DVar bias correction system for water mass properties. The analysis system assimilates satellite observations of sea level anomaly and sea surface temperature, as well as in situ temperature and salinity measurements. Background model error is specified in terms of seasonally varying model anomalies from a 10-year forced model integration allowing inhomogeneous anisotropic multi-variate error covariances. A novel online tidal harmonic analysis method is introduced that uses a sliding-window approach to reduce numerical costs and to allow time-varying harmonic constants, necessary in seasonally ice-infested waters. As compared to the Global Ice Ocean Prediction System (GIOPS) running at CCMEP, RIOPSv2 also includes a spatial filtering of model fields as part of the observation operator for sea surface temperature. In addition to the tidal harmonic analysis, the observation operator for sea level anomaly is also modified to remove the inverse barometer effect due to the application of atmospheric pressure forcing fields. RIOPSv2 is compared to GIOPS and shown to provide similar innovation statistics over a 3-year evaluation period. Specific improvements are found in the vicinity of the Gulf Stream for all model fields due to the higher model grid-resolution, with smaller root-mean-squared (RMS) innovations for RIOPSv2 of about 5 cm for SLA and 0.5 °C for SST. Verification against along-track satellite observations demonstrates the improved representation of meso-scale features in RIOPSv2 compared to GIOPS, with increased correlations of SLA (0.83 compared to 0.73) and reduced RMS differences (12 cm compared to 14 cm). While the RIOPSv2 grid resolution is 3 times higher than GIOPS, the power spectral density of surface kinetic energy provides an indication that the effective resolution of RIOPSv2 is roughly double that of the global system (35 km as compared to 66 km). Observations made as part of the Year of Polar Prediction (2017–19) provide a rare glimpse at errors in Arctic water mass properties and show salinity biases of 0.3–0.4 psu in the eastern Beaufort Sea in RIOPSv2.

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Evaluation of an operational ocean model configuration at 1/12° spatial resolution for the Indonesian seas – Part 1: Ocean physics

Geoscientific Model Development Discussions ◽

10.5194/gmdd-8-6611-2015 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 8 (8) ◽

pp. 6611-6668 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

B. Tranchant ◽

G. Reffray ◽

E. Greiner ◽

D. Nugroho ◽

A. Koch-Larrouy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ocean Circulation ◽

Satellite Data ◽

Water Mass ◽

Ocean Model ◽

Internal Tides ◽

Global Ocean ◽

Open Boundary ◽

Indonesian Throughflow ◽

The South ◽

Water Mass Transformation

Abstract. INDO12, a 1/12° regional version of the NEMO physical ocean model covering the whole Indonesian EEZ has been developed and is now running every week in the framework of the INDESO project (Infrastructure Development of Space Oceanography) implemented by the Indonesian Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries. The initial hydrographic conditions as well as open boundary conditions are derived from the operational global ocean forecasting system at 1/4° operated by Mercator Ocean. Atmospheric forcing fields (3 hourly ECMWF analyses) are used to force the regional model. INDO12 is also forced by tidal currents and elevations, and by the inverse barometer effect. The turbulent mixing induced by internal tides is taken into account through a specific parameterization. In this study we evaluate the model skill through comparisons with various datasets including outputs of the parent model, climatologies, in situ temperature and salinity measurements, and satellite data. The simulated and altimeter-derived Eddy Kinetic Energy fields display similar patterns and confirm that tides are a dominant forcing in the area. The volume transport of the Indonesian ThroughFlow is in good agreement with the INSTANT current meter estimates while the transport through Luzon Strait is, on average, westward but probably too weak. Significant water mass transformation occurs along the main routes of the Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) and compares well with observations. Vertical mixing is able to erode the South and North Pacific subtropical waters salinity maximum as seen in TS diagrams. Compared to satellite data, surface salinity and temperature fields display marked biases in the South China Sea. Altogether, INDO12 proves to be able to provide a very realistic simulation of the ocean circulation and water mass transformation through the Indonesian Archipelago. A few weaknesses are also detected. Work is on-going to reduce or eliminate these problems in the second INDO12 version.

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Water mass transformation along the Indonesian throughflow in an OGCM

Ocean Dynamics ◽

10.1007/s10236-008-0155-4 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 58 (3-4) ◽

pp. 289-309 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

Ariane Koch-Larrouy ◽

Gurvan Madec ◽

Bruno Blanke ◽

Robert Molcard

Keyword(s):

Water Mass ◽

Indonesian Throughflow ◽

Water Mass Transformation

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Seasonal water mass distribution in the Indonesian throughflow entering the Indian Ocean

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres ◽

10.1029/1999jc900129 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 104 (C9) ◽

pp. 20801-20826 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

C. Coatanoan ◽

N. Metzl ◽

M. Fieux ◽

B. Coste

Keyword(s):

Indian Ocean ◽

Mass Distribution ◽

Water Mass ◽

Indonesian Throughflow ◽

The Indian Ocean

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Seasonal coastal upwelling in the Bali Strait: a model study

IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science ◽

10.1088/1755-1315/944/1/012055 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 944 (1) ◽

pp. 012055

Author(s):

A Suprianto ◽

A S Atmadipoera ◽

J Lumban-Gaol

Keyword(s):

Chlorophyll A ◽

Coastal Upwelling ◽

Fish Distribution ◽

Sea Surface ◽

Monsoon Period ◽

Easterly Wind ◽

Chl A ◽

Model Study ◽

Velocity Surface ◽

Upwelling Event

Abstract Bali Strait is part of fisheries management zone (WPP 573), where abundant fishery potential, of lemuru fish commodity. Here, physical oceanographic setting such as upwelling event plays an important role on maintaining high primary productivity and lemuru fish distribution. This study aims to describe physical process and dynamics of seasonal coastal upwelling using time-series datasets (2008 and 2014) of temperature, salinity, current velocity, surface chlorophyll-a (chl-a) from INDESO model and satellite imagery. The results showed that upwelling in the Bali Strait only during the southeast monsoon period when the south-easterly wind force surface Ekman drift of about 5.5 × 10−3 Sv flowing south-eastward (toward offshore). Upwelling event is characterized by minimum parameter of sea surface temperature (24.93 °C), and sea level anomaly (0.75 m), but maximum of surface chlorophyll-a (1.33 mg/m3). Furthermore, isotherm of 26 °C and Isohaline 33.7 psu are outcropped at sea surface in the center of upwelling zone. In contrast, during the nortwest monsoon period these isolines remain at deeper layer of about 80-90 m depth. Mean temperature-based upwelling index during peak of upwelling in August (1.19±0.19 °C). Upwelling impact on high abundance of lemuru fish (Sardinella sp.) production two month later after peak of chl-a.

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The Regional Ice Ocean Prediction System v2: a pan-Canadian ocean analysis system using an online tidal harmonic analysis

Geoscientific Model Development ◽

10.5194/gmd-14-1445-2021 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (3) ◽

pp. 1445-1467

Author(s):

Gregory C. Smith ◽

Yimin Liu ◽

Mounir Benkiran ◽

Kamel Chikhar ◽

Dorina Surcel Colan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Harmonic Analysis ◽

Gulf Stream ◽

Water Mass ◽

Grid Resolution ◽

Prediction System ◽

Sea Level Anomaly ◽

Tidal Harmonic ◽

Mass Properties ◽

Ocean Prediction ◽

Analysis System

Abstract. Canada has the longest coastline in the world and includes diverse ocean environments, from the frozen waters of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago to the confluence region of Labrador and Gulf Stream waters on the east coast. There is a strong need for a pan-Canadian operational regional ocean prediction capacity covering all Canadian coastal areas in support of marine activities including emergency response, search and rescue, and safe navigation in ice-infested waters. Here we present the first pan-Canadian operational regional ocean analysis system developed as part of the Regional Ice Ocean Prediction System version 2 (RIOPSv2) running in operations at the Canadian Centre for Meteorological and Environmental Prediction (CCMEP). The RIOPSv2 domain extends from 26∘ N in the Atlantic Ocean through the Arctic Ocean to 44∘ N in the Pacific Ocean, with a model grid resolution that varies between 3 and 8 km. RIOPSv2 includes a multivariate data assimilation system based on a reduced-order extended Kalman filter together with a 3D-Var bias correction system for water mass properties. The analysis system assimilates satellite observations of sea level anomaly and sea surface temperature, as well as in situ temperature and salinity measurements. Background model error is specified in terms of seasonally varying model anomalies from a 10-year forced model integration, allowing inhomogeneous anisotropic multivariate error covariances. A novel online tidal harmonic analysis method is introduced that uses a sliding-window approach to reduce numerical costs and allow for the time-varying harmonic constants necessary in seasonally ice-infested waters. Compared to the Global Ice Ocean Prediction System (GIOPS) running at CCMEP, RIOPSv2 also includes a spatial filtering of model fields as part of the observation operator for sea surface temperature (SST). In addition to the tidal harmonic analysis, the observation operator for sea level anomaly (SLA) is also modified to remove the inverse barometer effect due to the application of atmospheric pressure forcing fields. RIOPSv2 is compared to GIOPS and shown to provide similar innovation statistics over a 3-year evaluation period. Specific improvements are found near the Gulf Stream for all model fields due to the higher model grid resolution, with smaller root mean squared (rms) innovations for RIOPSv2 of about 5 cm for SLA and 0.5 ∘C for SST. Verification against along-track satellite observations demonstrates the improved representation of mesoscale features in RIOPSv2 compared to GIOPS, with increased correlations of SLA (0.83 compared to 0.73) and reduced rms differences (12 cm compared to 14 cm). While the RIOPSv2 grid resolution is 3 times higher than GIOPS, the power spectral density of surface kinetic energy provides an indication that the effective resolution of RIOPSv2 is roughly double that of the global system (35 km compared to 66 km). Observations made as part of the Year of Polar Prediction (2017–2019) provide a rare glimpse at errors in Arctic water mass properties and show average salinity biases over the upper 500 m of 0.3–0.4 psu in the eastern Beaufort Sea in RIOPSv2.

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Distribusi Percampuran Turbulen di Perairan Selat Alor (Distribution of Turbulence Mixing in Alor Strait)

ILMU KELAUTAN Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences ◽

10.14710/ik.ijms.19.1.43-54 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 43 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Adi Purwandana ◽

Mulia Purba ◽

Agus S Atmadipoera

Keyword(s):

Turbulent Mixing ◽

Water Mass ◽

Deep Layer ◽

Bottom Topography ◽

Eddy Diffusivity ◽

Strong Mixing ◽

Intermediate Water ◽

Indonesian Throughflow ◽

Average Value ◽

Vertical Eddy

Selat Alor merupakan kanal terdalam setelah Selat Ombai di kepulauan Alor. Kontribusinya sebagai salah satu celah keluar Arus Lintas Indonesia (Arlindo) belum banyak dikaji hingga saat ini. Selat Alor memisahkan Laut Flores dan Laut Sawu, dan memiliki sill yang tinggi di dalamnya, diduga turbulensi akibat interaksi antara aliran selat dengan topografi dasar dapat memicu percampuran dan memodifikasi properti massa air yang melaluinya. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengkuantifikasi transformasi massa air yang melalui Selat Alor dan mengkaji kemungkinan percampuran di dalam selat berdasarkan estimasi sesaat properti percampuran, yakni percampuran turbulen menggunakan metode skala Thorpe. Penurunan CTD dilakukan di 15 stasiun di perairan Selat Alor. Diperoleh hasil bahwa kontur kedalaman yang menghubungkan Laut Flores dengan Laut Sawu adalah ~300 m pada kanal utama. Salinitas maksimum massa air Subtropis Pasifik Utara (NPSW) dar i Laut Flores di Selat Alor banyak mengalami reduksi akibat intensifnya percampuran yang diduga dipicu oleh topografi dasar dan aliran selat yang menghasilkan turbulensi. Lapisan salinitas maksimum Massa Air Subtropis Samudera Hindia Utara (NISW) pada σθ = 23,5-24,5 terdeteksi di bagian selatan selat (Laut sawu). Jejak massa air NISW menurun dan banyak tereduksi mendekati pintu selatan selat. Intrusi Massa Air Lapisan Menengah Samudera Hindia Utara (NIIW) juga dijumpai di lapisan bawah Laut Sawu, konsisten dengan profil arus pada lapisan bawah. Rata-rata nilai difusivitas vertikal eddy (Kρ) di Selat Alor bagian utara memiliki orde of 10-3 m2 s-1, dan di bagian selatan memiliki orde bervariasi, 10-6-10-4 m2 s-1. Penyempitan celah Selat Alor diduga merupakan pemicu turbulensi tinggi aliran yang berkontribusi pada tingginya nilai difusivitas vertikal. Kata kunci: Arlindo, percampuran turbulen, difusivitas vertikal, Selat Alor Alor Strait is the deepest channel in Alor islands after Ombai Strait. Contribution of the strait as one of the secondary exit passages of Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) has not been studied yet. The strait separates Flores Sea and Sawu Sea, and is featured by the existence of high sill within the strait, suggested that turbulence due to interaction between strait flow and bottom topography could drive mixing and then modify the water mass properties. The purpose of this study is to investigate transformation of ITF water mass and turbulent mixing process with Thorpe scale method. A hydrographic survey has been carried out in July 2011, in which 15 CTD casts were lowered in the strait. The results show that Alor sill depth is about 300 ms in the main gate. Maximum salinity of NPSW from Flores Sea within Alor Strait is significantly reduced due to strong mixing, perhaps driven by bottom topography and strait flow which creates turbulence. NISW (Northern Indian Subtropical Water) with maximum salinity layer at σθ = 23,5-24,5 is dominant in the southern part of Alor Strait (i.e. Sawu Sea). The existence of NIIW (North Indian Intermediate Water) is also found in the deeper layer of Sawu Sea. The average value of vertical eddy diffussivity (Kρ) estimate in the thermocline layer and deep layer in northern part and central part of strait channel is within the order of 10-3 m2 s-1. Lower order of Kρ in the thermocline layer and deep layer were found in southern part of the Strait (Sawu Sea), ranging from 10-6 to 10-4 m2 s-1. These indicate that the existence of sills in the northern part and central part of Alor Strait could drive mixing significantly. Narrowing passage of Alor Strait probably contribute to the high value of vertical eddy diffusivity due to highly turbulence flow. Keywords: Indonesian Throughflow (ITF), turbulent mixing, vertical diffussivity, Alor Strait

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A study of the seasonal changes of the water mass of Christchurch Harbour, England

Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom ◽

10.1017/s002531540003335x ◽

1966 ◽

Vol 46 (3) ◽

pp. 561-578 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

J. W. Murray

Keyword(s):

Biological Activity ◽

Seasonal Changes ◽

Bottom Water ◽

Water Mass ◽

Sea Water ◽

Salinity Stratification ◽

Tidal Regime ◽

Biological Removal ◽

Shallow Estuary ◽

Calcium And Magnesium

Detailed sampling of the bottom water of Christchurch Harbour, England, was undertaken in conjunction with a study of the living and dead foraminiferids (to be described later). The Harbour is a shallow estuary with an unusual tidal regime of four high tides daily. During the winter the flow of fresh water from the rivers prevents sea water from entering much of the estuary. During the spring, summer and autumn, when drier conditions prevail on land, the sea enters the estuary as a salt wedge and there is pronounced salinity stratification. In addition to determinations of chlorinity, pH, dissolved oxygen and temperature, analyses of calcium were made during the spring, and of calcium and magnesium in the summer. It was found that calcium was preferentially removed from the bottom water, thus upsetting the calcium-chlorinity ratio. The cause of the calcium removal is thought to be biological activity. Magnesium was not affected by this process. A discussion of the results is presented and it is suggested that biological removal of calcium from the bottom water is particularly well developed in Christchurch Harbour owing to the extensive areas of shoal water favouring biological activity. Estuaries of this type may not be very common.

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