High Prevalence of Multidrug-Resistant Community-Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus at the Largest Veterinary Teaching Hospital in Costa Rica

Resistance to methicillin in methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is dependent on mecA gene located on staphylococcal cassette chromosome (SCC). Both SCCmec type and Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) affect S. aureus pathogenicity. Aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of SCCmecA types and pvl genes among MRSA isolates from inpatients. During this cross-sectional study on 100 clinical isolates, following antibiotic susceptibility test, screening of mecA and pvl genes, as well as SCCmec typing, was done in a multiplex PCR technique. From the studied samples, 58 isolates were recognized as MRSA. The frequency of mecA and pvl was 58% and 4%, respectively. All of the MRSA were resistant to cefoxitin and had the highest sensitivity to chloramphenicol. The majority (77.5%) of MRSA was originated from wound samples. The SCCmec III was the most frequent type (22.4%) in these samples. The pvl positive isolates were from SCCmec IVb and V, thus meaning they are from CA-MRSA. These results show a high prevalence of MRSA in the studied region and a widespread prevalence of SCCmec I-V types. Furthermore, high prevalence of SCCmec III indicates the prevalence of multidrug resistant MRSA. This finding is a serious alarm for medical health care practitioners for the correct use of antibiotics in order to limit the spread of multidrug resistant strains. In addition, with regard to life threatening infections caused by pvl harbouring strains, early diagnosis and treatment of infections caused by these isolates should be mandatory.

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Management of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections in India: are we equipped to meet the challenges of the growing menace of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus?

International Surgery Journal ◽

10.18203/2349-2902.isj20203821 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (9) ◽

pp. 3172

Author(s):

Chandrashekhar Mahakalkar ◽

Devdatt Padhye ◽

Vishal R. Nandagawali ◽

Shekhar Takale ◽

Jaishid Ahdal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Treatment Options ◽

Unmet Need ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Methicillin Resistant ◽

Skin Structure ◽

High Prevalence ◽

Choice Of Treatment ◽

Poor Outcomes

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a Gram-positive facultative anaerobic bacterium that colonizes the skin and nasal passages of humans. The incidence of invasive S. aureus infections has increased over the past decades and is associated with poor outcomes and high mortality rates. S. aureus is responsible for almost one-third of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) accounting for a large proportion of these. The S. aureus strains prevalent inIndia are more aggressive and there are recent reports of the emergence of the more virulent multidrug resistant lineages ST2371 and ST8. Management of these infections is complicated by the fact that antimicrobial stewardship is non-existent, the choice of treatment is often empirical and available treatment options are limited due to a high prevalence of resistance strains. Currently available anti-MRSA agents include vancomycin, teicoplanin, linezolid, daptomycin, tigecycline, and clindamycin. However, the emergence of resistant strains and several undesirable features related to the safety and tolerability of these agents have limited the options available for the management of MRSA infections. A newer, safe and efficacious antibiotic is thus an unmet need for the management of MRSA in patients with acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections. In this review we explore the current and future trends in the management of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections highlighting the challenges in their management in India, and current progress in the development of some novel drugs for the management of MRSA infections.

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Faculty Opinions recommendation of Emergence of multidrug-resistant, community-associated, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clone USA300 in men who have sex with men.

Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature ◽

10.3410/f.1102146.558131 ◽

2008 ◽

Author(s):

J Michael Kilby

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Methicillin Resistant ◽

Sex With Men

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The Prevalence of Virulence Determinants and Antibiotic Resistance Patterns in Methicillin—Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a Nursing Home in Poland

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens10040427 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 427

Author(s):

Martyna Kasela ◽

Agnieszka Grzegorczyk ◽

Bożena Nowakowicz-Dębek ◽

Anna Malm

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Variable Number Tandem Repeat ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Variable Number ◽

Pulse Field ◽

Virulence Determinants ◽

Gene Encoding ◽

Methicillin Resistant ◽

Pulse Field Gel Electrophoresis

Nursing homes (NH) contribute to the regional spread of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Moreover, residents are vulnerable to the colonization and subsequent infection of MRSA etiology. We aimed at investigating the molecular and phenotypic characteristics of 21 MRSA collected from the residents and personnel in an NH (Lublin, Poland) during 2018. All MRSA were screened for 20 genes encoding virulence determinants (sea-see, eta, etb, tst, lukS-F-PV, eno, cna, ebpS, fib, bbp, fnbA, fnbB, icaADBC) and for resistance to 18 antimicrobials. To establish the relatedness and clonal complexes of MRSA in NH we applied multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat fingerprinting (MLVF), pulse field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing. We identified four sequence types (ST) among two clonal complexes (CC): ST (CC22) known as EMRSA-15 as well as three novel STs—ST6295 (CC8), ST6293 (CC8) and ST6294. All tested MRSA were negative for sec, eta, etb, lukS-F-PV, bbp and ebpS genes. The most prevalent gene encoding toxin was sed (52.4%; n = 11/21), and adhesins were eno and fnbA (100%). Only 9.5% (n = 2/21) of MRSA were classified as multidrug-resistant. The emergence of novel MRSA with a unique virulence and the presence of epidemic clone EMRSA-15 creates challenges for controlling the spread of MRSA in NH.

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