Introduction

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred Dallmayr
Keyword(s):  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
Regime Change ◽  
Empty Space ◽  
Popular Sovereignty ◽  
Claude Lefort ◽  
Self Interest ◽  
Democratic Equality ◽  
Definition Of

Tocqueville asserted that the principle of democratic equality is a “providential fact.” In its actual unfolding, however, the “providential” aspect was replaced by a strictly empirical, humanly engineered process or development, and the spirit of “equality” gave way to the unleashing of unlimited self-interest, which produced growing inequality. This chapter traces the transformation from a qualitative conception into a purely quantitative, empirical, and “minimalist” definition of democracy. Apart from violating equality, the transformation also ignores the “paradigm shift” of democracy (vis-à-vis monarchy): that popular sovereignty cannot be occupied, but remains (in the terms of Claude Lefort) an “empty space.” The chapter also discusses the steady globalization of this definition, meaning the transfer of liberal minimalism from the Western “center” to the non-Western “periphery,” often through policies of “regime change.” In this manner, the domestic rise of inequality is paralleled by the rise of global elitism and hegemonic domination.

The Strategic Imperative and the Paradigm Shift in Economics

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Jacques Sapir
Keyword(s):  
Free Trade ◽  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
Balance Of Power ◽  
Strategic Thinking ◽  
Company Strategy ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Science And Art ◽  
Radical Uncertainty ◽  
Strategic Imperative ◽  
Definition Of

The very idea of strategic thinking is quite opposed to the tradition of linking the choices of agents, individual or collective, to the process of maximization under constraints. The theory of general equilibrium has closed the door to the notion of strategy, just as the theory of generalized free trade has closed that of sovereignty. But this paradigm is falling apart. With a new approach of radical uncertainty, something made even more obvious with the COVID-19 pandemic, we are relearning the science and art of strategy, the more so because we are living in a world of a balance of power. But what would be the definition of strategy? Quite clearly we must distinguish between state and company strategy. This debate is also at the very center of the controversy over the role and meaning of institutions in economics. There is also a variety of strategies and those having a distinct appetite for risk must seriously consider whether to practice the art of strategy or not.

The strange career of nation-building as a concept in US foreign policy

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremi Suri
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
National Identity ◽  
Nation Building ◽  
American Exceptionalism ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Us Foreign Policy ◽  
Popular Sovereignty ◽  
Civic Culture ◽  
Global Power ◽  
Self Interest

The opening chapter of the volume approaches the peculiar US vocation for nation-building on a global scale from the perspective of domestic experience. Jeremi Suri uses the study of the post-Civil War South by C. Vann Woodward to provide for non-Americans a sense of the ideological interstices and remarkable longevity of this feature of American “exceptionalism”. Writing outside of the idiom but with full sympathy for its constituent parts and continuities, Suri describes a deep US civic culture that celebrates self-governance, popular sovereignty and open trade on an uninterrupted continuum from home to the rest of the globe. Denied the normal components of national identity, American elite and popular cultures have, from Washington’s Farewell Address of 1796 to Obama’s West Point speech of 2014, sustained a form of millennial conviction to universalise domestic beliefs. These ride above the particularities of culture, geography or ethnic encounters that necessarily confront a global power and which perforce cause alterations in tactics, but rarely for any length of time the broader strategic idiom. Equally, Suri, argues, the contradiction between national self-interest and the need to construct states and societies along recognisably US lines is repressed through narrow, ‘unionist’ perspectives. It is almost as if the American public imaginary cannot conceive of an allowable ‘other’, even though the efforts at self-fashioning undeniably create a multitude of victims.

Introduction

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Julio F. Carrión
Keyword(s):  
Regime Change ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Political Strategy ◽  
Hybrid Regimes ◽  
Significant Power ◽  
Alberto Fujimori ◽  
Hugo Chavez ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Institutional Actors ◽  
Scholarly Attention

The global rise of populism is driving a process of democratic erosion. Accordingly, scholarly attention has shifted from processes of democratization to de-democratization trajectories; or, how democracies perish after they have transitioned from authoritarianism. This chapter distinguishes between populism (a political strategy) and competitive authoritarianism (a regime type). The chapter enumerates the conceptual contributions of this book, primarily, that the rise to power of populism can lead to regime change by creating significant power asymmetries. However, while unconstrained populism in power can lead to hybrid regimes or even full-scale authoritarianism, strong judiciaries, and other institutional actors, can contain or constrain populism in power, preventing regime change. The chapter offers a new definition of populism that includes a governance dimension that is missing in other definitions and argues that Alberto Fujimori, Hugo Chávez, Álvaro Uribe, Evo Morales, and Rafael Correa are examples of populism.

The Theory of the State as a Sovereign Juristic Person

1948 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth C. Cole
Keyword(s):  
Political History ◽  
Public Law ◽  
The State ◽  
Popular Sovereignty ◽  
General Conception ◽  
The People ◽  
Democratic System ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Constitutional Morality

The casual student of Western political history encounters sovereignty in a number of guises. In the stage of absolute monarchy, it was a personal endowment of princes; in the stage of democracy, it seems to be a collective endowment of the “nation” or the “people.” In the latter period, moreover, a definition of law as the command of a sovereign becomes increasingly popular.These various contexts for sovereignty will already have suggested the protean possibilities of the general conception, but the student will have had little difficulty in sensing its generally anti-constitutional influence. Even popular sovereignty, which sounds the least dangerous, has had to be offset by opposing institutions in accounting for the relatively high constitutional morality of the democratic system.While, therefore, it is not surprising to find sovereignty again (and in a still different guise) when we examine the leading conceptions of American public law, one well may marvel to find it accorded a key position among them. For, strange to say, the sovereignty of the state is widely accepted as the cornerstone of a legal edifice which the lawyers themselves appear to have laid.

scholarly journals Quality Is in the Eye of the Beholder—A Focus Group Study from the Perspective of Ambulance Clinicians, Physicians, and Managers

Healthcare ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Rantala ◽  
Lina Behm ◽  
Helena Rosén
Keyword(s):  
Focus Group ◽  
Response Time ◽  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
Patient Involvement ◽  
Ambulance Service ◽  
Group Method ◽  
Focus Group Study ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Patients Experience ◽  
Focus Group Method

Quality within all areas of healthcare should be systemically monitored and ensured. However, the definition of quality is complex and diverse. In the ambulance service (AS), quality has traditionally been defined as response time, but this measurement eliminates the possibility of addressing other characteristics of quality, such as the care provided. This study aimed to explore what constitutes quality in the context of the ambulance service as experienced by ambulance clinicians, physicians, and managers. A focus group study was conducted with 18 participants. The three focus groups were analyzed with the focus group method developed by Kreuger and Casey. The participants highlighted patient involvement, information and care, as well as adherence to policies, regulations, and their own standards as representing quality in the AS. This study demonstrates that quality is in the eye of the beholder. As quality seems to be viewed similarly by patients and ambulance clinicians, physicians, and managers, stakeholders should aim for a paradigm shift where patients’ experience of the care is just as important as various time measures.

scholarly journals Human Cooperation When Acting Through Autonomous Machines

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (9) ◽  
pp. 3482-3487 ◽  
Author(s):  
Celso M. de Melo ◽  
Stacy Marsella ◽  
Jonathan Gratch
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Collective Interest ◽  
Intelligent Machines ◽  
Cooperative Society ◽  
Self Interest ◽  
Autonomous Machines ◽  
Present Experimental Evidence

Recent times have seen an emergence of intelligent machines that act autonomously on our behalf, such as autonomous vehicles. Despite promises of increased efficiency, it is not clear whether this paradigm shift will change how we decide when our self-interest (e.g., comfort) is pitted against the collective interest (e.g., environment). Here we show that acting through machines changes the way people solve these social dilemmas and we present experimental evidence showing that participants program their autonomous vehicles to act more cooperatively than if they were driving themselves. We show that this happens because programming causes selfish short-term rewards to become less salient, leading to considerations of broader societal goals. We also show that the programmed behavior is influenced by past experience. Finally, we report evidence that the effect generalizes beyond the domain of autonomous vehicles. We discuss implications for designing autonomous machines that contribute to a more cooperative society.

High Heat Flux Cooling of Electronics: The Need for a Paradigm Shift

2013 ◽  
Vol 135 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Heinz Herwig
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flux ◽  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
High Heat ◽  
High Heat Flux ◽  
German Research Foundation ◽  
Cooling Strategies ◽  
German Research ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Cooling Of Electronics

In a discussion initiated by the German Research Foundation (DFG) about cooling of electronics, two aspects turned out to be important: The need for a paradigm shift from an “add on” to an “integrated multidisciplinary” solution and the definition of generic demonstrators for cooling strategies.

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