Corporate Responsibility

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Swati Srivastava
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Corporate Responsibility ◽  
Criminal Liability ◽  
International Studies ◽  
Private International Law ◽  
Research Themes ◽  
International Responsibility ◽  
Corporate Criminal Liability ◽  
Domestic Law

Transnational corporations (TNCs) have assumed a greater share of global power vis-à-vis states. Thus, understanding how to assign corporate responsibility has become more urgent for scholars in international studies. Are corporations fit to be held responsible? If so, what are the existing ways of doing so? There are three research themes on conceptualizing corporate responsibility: (a) corporate criminal liability, in which corporations are assigned responsibility by determining criminal intent and liability in domestic law; (b) corporate social responsibility (CSR), in which corporations are assigned responsibility through praise and blame for adopting voluntary standards that conform with societal values; and (c) corporate international responsibility, a subset of CSR in which corporations are assigned responsibility by hardening international law, especially in human rights and the environment. The three themes feature research on corporate responsibility across a variety of disciplines, including law, criminology, global governance, sociology, business, and critical theory. Each theme prioritizes different debates and questions for research. For corporate criminal liability, the most important questions are about corporate intent in assigning blame for criminal behavior and how to deal with corporate criminal liability in domestic law. For CSR, the most important questions are about determining what obligations corporations take on as part of their social compact, how to track progress, and whether CSR leads to nonsymbolic corporate reforms. For corporate international responsibility, the most important questions are articulating on what grounds corporations should be held responsible for transnational violations of CSR obligations in state-based public international law or contract-based private international law. There are a range of ways to evaluate corporate responsibility in the three research themes. As such, the future of conceptualizing TNCs’ responsibility is diverse and open for examination by scholars of international studies.

scholarly journals Conflict of Laws: Jurisdiction of the Court and Choice of Law in Cross-Border Matrimonial Suit in India

2017 ◽  
pp. 80-87
Author(s):  
Indrani Kundu
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Private International Law ◽  
Conflict Of Laws ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Civil Union ◽  
Foreign Law ◽  
Marriage Laws ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Domestic Law ◽  
Legal Procedures

Marriage, a civil union between two persons, involves some legal procedures which determine the rights and liabilities of parties in such civil union. Conflict of marriage laws is the conflict of laws governing status and capacity to marry defined by personal laws of parties to the marriage. Rules of Conflict of Laws are set of procedural rules which determine A) which legal system will be applicable to a given dispute, & B) which Court will have jurisdiction to try the suit.In the words of Dicey and Morris, rules of Private International Law do not directly determine the rights and liabilities of persons, rather it determines the jurisdiction of Court and the choice of body of law i.e. whether by the domestic law or by any foreign law, the case will be decided. This paper, by adopting doctrinal approach, seeks to find the criteria for Indian court to exercise jurisdiction in cross border matrimonial suit. Further, it endeavors to find out the difference between term ‘domicile’ and ‘residence’.

Challenges to Criminalizing State Responsibility for Genocide

Postgenocide ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 33-62
Author(s):  
Kevin Aquilina
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
International Criminal ◽  
Criminal Responsibility ◽  
Criminal Liability ◽  
Individual Responsibility ◽  
State Responsibility ◽  
Criminal Courts ◽  
Judicial Authority ◽  
Corporate Criminal Liability ◽  
Individual Criminal Responsibility

This chapter shows that although often states are parties in a genocide enterprise, the centrality—and responsibility—of states for genocide does not receive attention commensurate with the severity of the problem. Indeed, genocidal states are not held criminally responsibility for genocide. Underscoring difficulties at proving state criminal responsibility for genocide, the analysis compares and contrasts individual criminal responsibility and state criminal responsible for genocide. Whereas in the former case the matter has been dealt with by domestic and international criminal courts and tribunals, in the latter case there is no international judicial authority which can try states for criminal responsibility. However, non-state corporate criminal liability, and evolution of this institute in international law, may provide some transferable lessons for state responsibility for genocide. The chapter highlights the nexus between individual responsibility and state responsibility, and the failures of international genocide law in establishing state responsibility for genocide.

Part II International Sales Governed by the UN Sale Convention 1980 (CISG), 10 The UN Sale Convention (CISG): General Issues

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bridge MG
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Private International Law ◽  
Uniform Law ◽  
International Sale Of Goods ◽  
Substantive Law ◽  
Domestic Law ◽  
International Sales

This chapter is an overview of the Convention on the International Sale of Goods (CISG) and its general issues. As uniform law, the CISG, when implemented in the Contracting State and to the extent that it is applicable, displaces both that State's domestic law and private international law rules concerning the sale of goods. Uniform substantive law like the CISG is to be distinguished from uniform private international law conventions and from transnational regulations. The CISG lays down a substantive law to be applied regardless of where a dispute is litigated. Reservations apart, the same law will be enacted in identical terms by each Contracting State.

PRIVATE COMMERCIAL LAW CONVENTIONS AND PUBLIC AND PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW: THE RADICAL APPROACH OF THE CAPE TOWN CONVENTION 2001 AND ITS PROTOCOLS

2016 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 523-540 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy Goode
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Public Law ◽  
Vienna Convention ◽  
Private Law ◽  
Private International Law ◽  
Commercial Law ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Conflict Of Laws ◽  
Domestic Law ◽  
Radical Approach

It is a remarkable circumstance that with a few honourable exceptions all writers on international law in general and treaty law in particular focus exclusively on public law treaties. Private law conventions, including those involving commercial law and the conflict of laws, simply do not come into consideration. Yet such conventions, like public law conventions, are treaties between States and are governed by the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties and many of them are of great significance. Their distinguishing feature is, of course, that while only States are parties, private law conventions deal primarily, and often exclusively, with the rights and obligations of non-State parties. So while the treaty is international it does not for the most part commit a Contracting State to any obligation other than that of implementing the treaty in domestic law by whatever method that State's law provides, if it has not already done so prior to ratification.

International Law and Foreign Investment in Hydroelectric Industry: A Multidimensional Analysis

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 183-222
Author(s):  
Attila Tanzi
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Foreign Investment ◽  
Dispute Settlement ◽  
International Investment ◽  
Multidimensional Analysis ◽  
Private International Law ◽  
International Investment Law ◽  
Investment Law ◽  
Domestic Law

The main focus of the present article is on the entanglement between four bodies of international law sensitive to foreign investment in the creation and/or operation hydroelectric industry: i.e. international investment law, human rights law, international water law and private international law to the extent that public international law rules on conflict of laws on civil liability for transboundary damage are concerned. This horizontal approach to the analysis is supplemented by a vertical one looking at the interactions between international and domestic law. Consideration of the different bodies of international law in question is associated to that of the adjudicative, and non-adjudicative, means of dispute settlement available under each such bodies of law. On that score, the role of the foreign investor in a litigation scenery will be considered, primarily as claimant, but also, prospectively, in relation to the situation in the State hosting the investment is, or may become, respondent in inter-State litigation.

scholarly journals Bioethics, Complementarity, and Corporate Criminal Liability

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 997-1021
Author(s):  
Ryan Long
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Engineering ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Corporate Responsibility ◽  
International Criminal ◽  
Criminal Liability ◽  
International Criminal Law ◽  
Genetic Privacy ◽  
Organ Trafficking ◽  
Corporate Criminal Liability

This article provides a brief introduction to some contemporary challenges found in the intersection of bioethics and international criminal law involving genetic privacy, organ trafficking, genetic engineering, and cloning. These challenges push us to re-evaluate the question of whether the international criminal law should hold corporations criminally liable. I argue that a minimalist and Strawsonian conception of corporate responsibility could be useful for deterring the wrongs outlined in first few sections and in answering compelling objections to corporate criminal liability.

Internationally Wrongful Acts in Domestic Courts

2007 ◽  
Vol 101 (4) ◽  
pp. 760-799
Author(s):  
André Nollkaemper
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Case Law ◽  
International Obligation ◽  
Domestic Courts ◽  
International Responsibility ◽  
The Law ◽  
Domestic Law ◽  
Domestic Case

This article explores the relevance of the law of international responsibility to the practice of domestic courts. In addition to proposing analytical distinctions that allow us to systematize and differentiate domestic case law pertaining to international responsibility, the article essentially advances three arguments. First, in certain circumstances domestic courts may find that a breach of an international obligation by the forum state constitutes an internationally wrongful act. Principles of international responsibility may be applicable to such a wrong. Second, domestic courts may contribute to the implementation of the international responsibility of states by ensuring that principles of cessation and reparation are given effect. Third, international law leaves much leeway to states and their courts in applying principles of international responsibility in a specific domestic legal and factual context. The application of such principles will be colored by their interaction with domestic law and will vary among states.

scholarly journals Short Analysis of Klaus Barbie and Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo in Pointing out of the Responsability of Natural Persons for International Crimes

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 56-67
Author(s):  
Dumitrita Florea
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
International Criminal ◽  
Criminal Liability ◽  
International Criminal Law ◽  
Private International Law ◽  
Foreign National ◽  
Public International Law ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
International Crimes

In international law doctrine carried on extensive talking and still it is a actual subject, if the individual is liable of responsability and, implied, of sanction for international crimes. Before to reveal some aspects of natural persons responsability for international crimes a couple of clarifications is required. Thus, we recall that the first author which use the term international criminal law was Jeremy Bentham, who distinguished between the criminal law of the community of states and the criminal law of a state. Over time, legal doctrine has extrapolated the concept of legal relationships with an international element, making the distinction between public international law and private international law. If criminal law is a branch of public law, then international criminal law becomes a sub-branch of international law, regulating criminal legal relationships with an international element. In other words, referring to private international law, we specify that it represents the totality of legal norms that resolve conflicts of laws or conflicts of jurisdiction and those regarding the legal status of the foreign national. In this context, the international element appears as a factual circumstance related to a legal relationship due to which this relationship is related to several legal systems (or laws belonging to different countries). With regard to international criminal law, we specify that this is a branch of public international law and designates the set of legal norms stipulated in various conventions and treaties by which states, in their capacity as subjects of law, order the repression of illicit acts that infringe fundamental rights of the international community. In other words, international criminal law consists of rules of general international law that govern the criminal liability of natural persons, individuals, for acts that harm international public order and constitute crimes against humanity.

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