2. The water molecule and its interactions

2015 ◽  
pp. 14-23
Author(s):  
John Finney
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Bonding ◽  
Electrical Properties ◽  
Oxygen Atom ◽  
Water Molecule ◽  
Water Molecules ◽  
Hydrogen Atoms ◽  
Covalent Bonds ◽  
Structure Of Water ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Structural And Electrical Properties

‘The water molecule and its interactions’ discusses the structural and electrical properties of the water molecule. A water molecule is made up of two hydrogen atoms connected by covalent bonds to one oxygen atom. Water molecules interact with each other through a type of interaction called hydrogen bonding. A tetrahedral arrangement of four water molecules around a central one is the key to understanding water. It helps to explain the structure of water in its various states, its properties, and how it interacts with other kinds of molecules, allowing exploration of the properties and behaviour of the wide range of chemical, physical, and biological systems in which water is involved.

Konkurrierende Liganden: Theophyllin als nicht- und stark koordinierender Ligand in Quecksilber(II)-Komplexen / Competing Ligands: Theophylline as Non- and Strongly Coordinating Ligand in Mercury(II) Complexes

2006 ◽  
Vol 61 (6) ◽  
pp. 758-765 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Nolte ◽  
Ingo Pantenburg ◽  
Gerd Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Atom ◽  
Water Molecule ◽  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Single Crystal ◽  
Coordination Polymers ◽  
Water Molecules ◽  
Slow Evaporation ◽  
Monoclinic Symmetry ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Chloride Ligand

[{Hg(CF3)2}(ThpH)(H2O)](H2O) (1), [{Hg4(Thp)4}(ClO4)4(H2O)8](H2O)4 (2), [{Hg(ThpH)2} (NO3)](NO3) (3) and {Hg(Thp)Cl}(H2O) (4) (ThpH = theophylline, C7H8N4O2) have been synthesized by slow evaporation of aqueous solutions of the mercuric salts Hg(CF3)2, Hg(ClO4)2, Hg(NO3)2, or HgCl2 and theophylline. Their crystal structures were determined on the basis of single crystal X-ray data. The coordination polymers 1 and 2 crystallize with triclinic symmetry, P1̅ (no. 2), with a = 468.8(2), b = 1256.4(5), c = 1445.5(6) pm, α = 67.15(3), β = 89.21(3), γ = 89.40(3)° and a = 833.6(1), b = 1862.7(2), c = 2182.9(2) pm, α = 111.61(1), β = 90.98(1), γ = 95.51(1)°, respectively. 3 and 4 crystallize with monoclinic symmetry, Pc (no. 7), a =1194.1(1), b=1258.8(2), c=735.5(2) pm, β =96.96(2)° and P21/n (no. 14), a=1069.0(2), b =911.6(1), c=1089.9(2) pm and β = 96.87(2)°. In 1 the theophylline molecules are non-coordinating to mercury and leave the Hg(CF3)2 molecule unchanged. Only weak electrostatic attractions to one keto-oxygen atom of theophylline and one water molecule hold this co-crystallisate together. In 2, the theophyllinate anion, Thp−, strongly coordinates with both N(7) and N(9) to HgII forming a large ring with eight Hg atoms that incorporates the water molecules. One sort of nitrate ions in 3 is weakly attached to HgII with the theophylline molecules still bound strongly through N(9). The chloride ligand and the theophyllinate ion seem to have the same strengths as ligands in 4 as they are both attached to HgII with the shortest distances possible

scholarly journals Bis(3-carbamoylpyridin-1-ium) phosphite monohydrate

2018 ◽  
Vol 74 (9) ◽  
pp. 1295-1298
Author(s):  
Jan Fábry
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Bonding ◽  
Hydrogen Bonds ◽  
Water Molecule ◽  
Secondary Amine ◽  
Symmetry Plane ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Water Molecules ◽  
Amine Groups

Two of the constituent molecules in the title structure, 2C6H7N2O+·HPO3 2−·H2O, i.e. the phosphite anion and the water molecule, are situated on a symmetry plane. The molecules are held together by moderate N—H...O and O—H...N, and weak O—H...O and C—H...Ocarbonyl hydrogen bonds in which the amide and secondary amine groups, and the water molecules are involved. The structural features are usual, among them the H atom bonded to the P atom avoids hydrogen bonding.

scholarly journals Aqua(azido)[N-(pyridin-2-ylcarbonyl)pyridine-2-carboxamido-κ3N,N′,N′′]copper(II)

2013 ◽  
Vol 69 (11) ◽  
pp. m598-m599
Author(s):  
Sandra Bruda ◽  
Mark M. Turnbull ◽  
Jan L. Wikaira
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structure ◽  
Hydrogen Bonding ◽  
Water Molecule ◽  
Mean Deviation ◽  
Water Molecules ◽  
Air Oxidation ◽  
Apical Position ◽  
Complex Molecules ◽  
Hydrogen Bonding Interactions ◽  
Planar Array

The title compound, [Cu(C12H8N3O2)(N3)(H2O)], was formed by the air oxidation of 2-(aminomethyl)pyridine in 95% ethanol in the presence of copper(II) nitrate and sodium azide with condensation of the resulting picolinamide molecules to generate the imide moiety. The CuIIion has a square-pyramidal coordination sphere, the basal plane being occupied by four N atoms [two pyridine (py) N atoms, the imide N atom and an azide N atom] in a nearly planar array [mean deviation = 0.048 (6) Å] with the CuIIion displaced slightly from the plane [0.167 (5) Å] toward the fifth ligand. The apical position is occupied by a coordinating water molecule [Cu—O = 2.319 (4) Å]. The crystal structure is stabilized by hydrogen-bonding interactions between the water molecules and carbonyl O atoms. The inversion-related square-pyramidal complex molecules pack base-to-base with long Cu...Npycontact distances of 3.537 (9) Å, preventing coordination of a sixth ligand.

scholarly journals Notizen: Hydrogen Bonding in MoO2Cl2 · H2O Determined by Electrostatic Energy Calculations

1977 ◽  
Vol 32 (11) ◽  
pp. 1358-1359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Werner H. Baur
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Bonding ◽  
Hydrogen Bonds ◽  
Systematic Variation ◽  
Electrostatic Energy ◽  
Water Molecules ◽  
Hydrogen Atoms ◽  
Energy Calculations ◽  
Internal Geometry

The configuration of least electrostatic energy for the hydrogen atoms in both polytypes of MoO2Cl2 · H2O was obtained by systematic variation of the orientations of the water molecules. The internal geometry of the H2O group was kept constant throughout the variation. The hydrogen bonds are of the bifurcated type: [xxx]

More examples of the 15-crown-5...H2O—M—OH2...15-crown-5 motif, M = Al3+, Cr3+ and Pd2+

2010 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maxime A. Siegler ◽  
Jacob H. Prewitt ◽  
Steven P. Kelley ◽  
Sean Parkin ◽  
John P. Selegue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Bonding ◽  
Hydrogen Bonds ◽  
Water Molecule ◽  
Lattice Water Molecule ◽  
Literature Survey ◽  
The Other ◽  
Water Molecules ◽  
Lattice Water ◽  
Hydrogen Bonding Pattern ◽  
Hydrogen Bonded

Five structures of co-crystals grown from aqueous solutions equimolar in 15-crown-5 (or 15C5) and [M(H2O)6](NO3) n , M = Al3+, Cr3+ and Pd2+, are reported. The hydrogen-bonding patterns in all are similar: metal complexes including the fragment trans-H2O—M—OH2 alternate with 15C5 molecules, to which they are hydrogen bonded, to form stacks. A literature survey shows that this hydrogen-bonding pattern is very common. In each of the two polymorphs of the compound [Al(H2O)6](NO3)3·15C5·4H2O there are two independent cations; one forms hydrogen bonds directly to the 15C5 molecules adjacent in the stack, while the other cation is hydrogen-bonded to two water molecules that act as spacers in the stack. These stacks are then crosslinked by hydrogen bonds formed by the three nitrate counterions and the three lattice water molecules. The hydrogen-bonded stacks in [Cr(H2O)5(NO3)](NO3)2·1.5(15C5)·H2O are discrete rather than infinite; each unit contains two Cr3+ complex cations and three 15C5 molecules. These units are again crosslinked by the uncoordinated nitrate ions and a lattice water molecule. In [Pd(H2O)2(NO3)2]·15C5 the infinite stacks are electrically neutral and are not crosslinked. In [Pd(H2O)2(NO3)2]·2(15C5)·2H2O·2HNO3 a discrete, uncharged unit containing one Pd complex and two 15C5 molecules is `capped off' at either end by a lattice water molecule and an included nitric acid molecule. In all five structures the infinite stacks or discrete units form an array that is at least approximately hexagonal.

Bis(μ-1H-benzimidazole-5,6-dicarboxylato)bis[tetraaquadicobalt(II)] pentahydrate

2007 ◽  
Vol 63 (11) ◽  
pp. m2657-m2658 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu-Lin Lo ◽  
Wen-Chieh Wang ◽  
Gon-Ann Lee ◽  
Yen-Hsiang Liu
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structure ◽  
Hydrogen Bonding ◽  
Water Molecule ◽  
Title Compound ◽  
Water Molecules ◽  
Asymmetric Unit ◽  
Type Complex

The title compound, [Co2(C9H4N2O4)2(H2O)8]·5H2O, contains two CoII ions that are bridged by two 1H-benzimidazole-5,6-dicarboxylate ligands to form an M 2 L 2 type complex (M = metal and L = ligand). There are two crystallographically distinct M 2 L 2 units, each on an inversion centre, along with coordinated and uncoordinated water molecules, in the asymmetric unit. The CoII ions are octahedral. Extensive hydrogen bonding exists between the complex and water molecules, and this helps to stabilize the crystal structure. One water molecule is disordered over two sites with occupancies 0.84:0.16.

Ab Initio Study of Solvent Effects on Rate of 1,3-Dipolar Cycloadditions of Benzonitrile Oxide and Various Dipolarophiles

2003 ◽  
Vol 2003 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Rajaeian ◽  
M. Monajjemi ◽  
M.R. Gholami
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Bonding ◽  
Oxygen Atom ◽  
Water Molecule ◽  
Ab Initio ◽  
Solvent Effects ◽  
Transition States ◽  
Molecular Orbital Calculations ◽  
Interaction Energies ◽  
Ab Initio Study ◽  
Dipolar Cycloadditions

Ab initio molecular orbital calculations have been used to investigate the structures and the transition states of 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions between benzonitrile oxide with ethylene, cyclopentene, acrylonitrile and tetracyanoethylene in heptane and water: calculations reveal enhanced hydrogen bonding of a water molecule to the transition states for the cycloaddition 1,3-dipolar of reaction of benzonitrile oxide with cyclopentene, the optimal interaction energies being 0.7 kcal/mol more favourable for hydrogen bonding to the oxygen atom in the transition states than for the reactants.

Aqua(2,2′-bipyridine-κ2 N,N′)bis(4-formylbenzoato-κ2 O,O′)cadmium(II) monohydrate

2007 ◽  
Vol 63 (11) ◽  
pp. m2799-m2799 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhao-Peng Deng ◽  
Shan Gao ◽  
Li-Hua Huo ◽  
Hui Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Bonding ◽  
Water Molecule ◽  
Title Compound ◽  
Unit Cell ◽  
Water Molecules ◽  
Solvent Water ◽  
Monoclinic Unit Cell ◽  
A Chain ◽  
Trigonal Prismatic

In the mononuclear title compound, [Cd(C8H5O3)2(C10H8N2)(H2O)]·H2O, the Cd atom is O,O′-chelated by two 4-formylbenzoate monoanions and N,N′-chelated by 2,2′-bipyridine. It is also coordinated by a water molecule in a monocapped trigonal-prismatic geometry. The coordinated and solvent water molecules and O atoms of the monoanions engage in hydrogen bonding, resulting in a chain running along the b axis of the monoclinic unit cell.

scholarly journals The Crystal Structures of Two Hydro-closo-Borates with Divalent Tin in Comparison: Sn(H2O)3[B10H10] · 3 H2O and Sn(H2O)3[B12H12] · 4 H2O

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabian M. Kleeberg ◽  
Lucas W. Zimmermann ◽  
Thomas Schleid
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Bonding ◽  
Hydrogen Bonds ◽  
Single Crystals ◽  
Water Molecules ◽  
Hydrogen Atoms ◽  
Crystal Water ◽  
Boron Clusters ◽  
Triclinic System ◽  
Isothermal Evaporation ◽  
Tin Metal

AbstractSingle crystals of Sn(H2O)3[B10H10] · 3 H2O and Sn(H2O)3[B12H12] · 4 H2O are easily accessible by reactions of aqueous solutions of the acids (H3O)2[B10H10] and (H3O)2[B12H12] with an excess of tin metal powder after isothermal evaporation of the clear brines. Both compounds crystallize with similar structures in the triclinic system with space group P$$\bar{1 }$$ 1 ¯ and Z = 2. The crystallographic main features are electroneutral $${}_{\infty }^{1} \{$$ ∞ 1 { Sn(H2O)3/1[B10H10]3/3} and $${}_{\infty }^{1} \{$$ ∞ 1 { Sn(H2O)3/1[B12H12]3/3} double chains running along the a-axes. Each Sn2+ cation is coordinated by three water molecules of hydration (d(Sn–O) = 221–225 pm for the B10 and d(Sn–O) = 222–227 pm for the B12 compound) and additionally by hydridic hydrogen atoms of the three nearest boron clusters (d(Sn–H) = 281–322 pm for the B10 and d(Sn–H) = 278–291 pm for the B12 compound), which complete the coordination sphere. Between these tin(II)-bonded water and the three or four interstitial crystal water molecules, classical bridging hydrogen bonds are found, connecting the double chains to each other. Furthermore, there is also non-classical hydrogen bonding between the anionic [BnHn]2− (n = 10 and 12) clusters and the crystal water molecules pursuant to B–Hδ−$$\cdots$$ ⋯ δ+H–O interactions often called dihydrogen bonds.

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