Epilogue

2016 ◽  
pp. 133-136
Author(s):  
William H. Brock
Keyword(s):  
Combinatorial Chemistry ◽  
Science And Technology ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Structural Models ◽  
Service Science ◽  
Carbon Allotropes ◽  
Scientific Disciplines ◽  
Transdisciplinary Science ◽  
The 1960S

The Epilogue concludes with a brief look at some of the exciting, and more positive, aspects of chemistry since the 1960s: the use of computers to study perfect three-dimensional structural models and design new molecules on the screen; combinatorial chemistry; retrosynthesis; the discoveries of the carbon allotropes fullerene and graphene; and nanotechnology. In an age of cross-disciplinary, transdisciplinary science and technology several historians, sociologists, and philosophers of science have queried whether the concept of distinct scientific disciplines like chemistry, physics, and biology serves a purpose any longer. Has chemistry become a service science, or has chemistry taken over these other disciplines?

scholarly journals The Origins of the Institute for the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology

2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Enros
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
History Of Science ◽  
Science And Technology ◽  
University Of Toronto ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Programs Of Study ◽  
The University ◽  
Phd Programs

An effort to establish programs of study in the history of science took place at the University of Toronto in the 1960s. Initial discussions began in 1963. Four years later, the Institute for the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology was created. By the end of 1969 the Institute was enrolling students in new MA and PhD programs. This activity involved the interaction of the newly emerging discipline of the history of science, the practices of the University, and the perspectives of Toronto’s faculty. The story of its origins adds to our understanding of how the discipline of the history of science was institutionalized in the 1960s, as well as how new programs were formed at that time at the University of Toronto.

scholarly journals Linen Boxes and Slices: Raoul De Keyser and American Modernism in Belgium in the 1960s and 1970s

Arts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 80
Author(s):  
Steven Jacobs
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Pop Art ◽  
Free Standing ◽  
American Modernism ◽  
Hard Edge ◽  
Three Dimensional Objects ◽  
Color Field Painting ◽  
New Vision ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S

Before his international breakthrough shortly before the turn of the century, Belgian painter Raoul De Keyser (1930–2012) had a long career that reaches back to the 1960s, when he was associated with Roger Raveel and the so-called Nieuwe Visie (New Vision in Dutch), Belgium’s variation on postwar figurative painting that also entails Anglo-Saxon Pop Art and French nouveau réalisme. Dealing with De Keyser’s works of the 1960s and 1970s, this article discusses the reception of American late-modernist art currents such as Color-Field Painting, Hard Edge, Pop Art, and Minimal Art in Belgium. Drawing on contemporaneous reflections (by, among others, poet and critic Roland Jooris) as well as on recently resurfaced materials from the artist’s personal archives, this essay focuses on the ways innovations associated with these American trends were appropriated by De Keyser, particularly in the production of his so-called Linen Boxes and Slices. Made between 1967 and 1971, Linen Boxes and Slices are paintings that evolved into three-dimensional objects, free-standing on the floor or leaning against the wall. Apart from situating these constructions in De Keyser’s oeuvre, this article interprets Linen Boxes and Slices as particular variations on Pop Art’s fascination for consumer items and on Minimalism’s interest in the spatial and material aspects of “specific objects”.

A New 3D Metallic Carbon Composed of Penta-Graphene Nanoribbons as a High-Performance Anode Material for Sodium-Ion Batteries

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siyan Li ◽  
Yiheng Shen ◽  
Dongyuan Ni ◽  
Qian Wang
Keyword(s):  
Anode Material ◽  
Anode Materials ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Graphene Nanoribbons ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Sodium Ion ◽  
Sodium Ion Batteries ◽  
Carbon Allotropes

Three-dimensional (3D) porous metallic carbon allotropes composed of graphene nanoribbons have attracted increasing attention in recent years because of their novel properties, especially for their potential as the anode materials...

Cultural Landscape

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Funda Varnaci Uzun ◽  
Mehmet Somuncu
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Landscape ◽  
Cultural Landscapes ◽  
World Heritage ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
World Heritage Sites ◽  
International Convention ◽  
Heritage Sites ◽  
Scientific Disciplines ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Major Factors

The “cultural landscape” has been a fundamental concept in geography and was first defined as “landscape modified by human activity” by the German geographer Friedrich Ratzel in 1890. It was introduced to American geography in the 1920s by Carl O. Sauer (American geographer). Since the 1960s, the concept has been widely used in human geography, anthropology, environmental management, and other related fields. One of the major factors that contributed to the recent popularity of its use, on a global scale, was the adoption of cultural landscapes in the International Convention for the World Heritage Convention by the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in 1992. In this chapter, the basis of this concept, its emergence, and its relationships with other scientific disciplines, particularly geography, will be discussed. Moreover, the place of cultural landscapes within protected areas and UNESCO world heritage sites will be more specifically addressed.

The Frei Administration

2019 ◽  
pp. 126-166
Author(s):  
James Lockhart
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Science And Technology ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cuban Revolution ◽  
Nuclear Science ◽  
International Response ◽  
The 1960S

This chapter assesses the Frei administration's national and international response to the energy the Cuban Revolution unleashed in Latin America in the 1960s. It presents President Eduardo Frei as an independent actor with his own agenda, which included the backing and accelerating of Chileans' developmental project in nuclear science and technology. It also reconstructs and reevaluates the United States, particularly the CIA's, relationship with Frei.

Fried, Michael (1939--)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danielle Child
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Art Criticism ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
American Art ◽  
Art Museum ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
Princeton University ◽  
Clement Greenberg ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Canonical Texts

Michael Fried is an American art critic, literary critic and art historian. Fried is most well-known for his art criticism, which contributed to the debates on modernist painting and sculpture that were played out in the pages of American art journals, such as Artforum, during the 1960s. In 1958, while studying English as an undergraduate at Princeton University, Fried met Clement Greenberg, whose theories on modernist painting influenced Fried’s subsequent writings and art criticism. He later studied under Richard Wollheim while at Oxford University. The formalist influence of Greenberg’s art criticism is prevalent in Fried’s two canonical texts on modernist art: "Three American Painters: Kenneth Noland, Jules Olitski, Frank Stella" (1965), the catalogue essay for an exhibition curated by Fried at Harvard’s Fogg Art Museum; and "Art and Objecthood" (1967). The former focuses upon three second-generation New York School painters, considered to be "high modernist." The latter is a defense of modernist painting against a new form of three-dimensional work that he terms "literal," now known as minimalist, sculpture. The argument initiated in these two essays formed a key moment in the debates that defined late-20th-century modernist art history. In the late 1960s Fried moved away from writing art criticism, focusing instead on modernist art in the 19th and early-20th centuries. He recently returned to contemporary art with his text Why Photography Matters as Art as Never Before.

Ultrafast shape recognition for similarity search in molecular databases

2007 ◽  
Vol 463 (2081) ◽  
pp. 1307-1321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro J Ballester ◽  
W. Graham Richards
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Molecular Shape ◽  
Scientific Disciplines ◽  
Distance Distributions ◽  
Molecular Databases ◽  
Hard Problems ◽  
Data Explosion ◽  
Novel Drug ◽  
Drug Leads

Molecular databases are routinely screened for compounds that most closely resemble a molecule of known biological activity to provide novel drug leads. It is widely believed that three-dimensional molecular shape is the most discriminating pattern for biological activity as it is directly related to the steep repulsive part of the interaction potential between the drug-like molecule and its macromolecular target. However, efficient comparison of molecular shape is currently a challenge. Here, we show that a new approach based on moments of distance distributions is able to recognize molecular shape at least three orders of magnitude faster than current methodologies. Such an ultrafast method permits the identification of similarly shaped compounds within the largest molecular databases. In addition, the problematic requirement of aligning molecules for comparison is circumvented, as the proposed distributions are independent of molecular orientation. Our methodology could be also adapted to tackle similar hard problems in other fields, such as designing content-based Internet search engines for three-dimensional geometrical objects or performing fast similarity comparisons between proteins. From a broader perspective, we anticipate that ultrafast pattern recognition will soon become not only useful, but also essential to address the data explosion currently experienced in most scientific disciplines.

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