ABSTRACTSp1 (Specificity protein 1)-CSE (cystathionine-γ-lyase)-H2S (hydrogen sulfide) pathway plays an important role in homocysteine-metabolism, whose disorder can result in hyperhomocysteinemia. The deficiency of plasma H2S in patients and animal models with hyperhomocysteinemia has been reported but it is unclear whether this deficiency plays a role in the progress of hyperhomocysteinemia. Furthermore, it remains unknown whether the post-translational modification of Sp1 or CSE mediated by hyperhomocysteinemia itself can in turn affect the development of hyperhomocysteinemia. By both in vivo and in vitro studies, we conducted immunoprecipitation and maleimide assays to detect the post-translational modification of Sp1-CSE-H2S pathway and revealed four major findings: (1) the accumulation of homocysteine augmented the nitration of CSE, thus blunted its bio-activity and caused H2S deficiency. (2) H2S deficiency lowered the S-sulfhydration of Sp1 and inhibited its transcriptional activity, resulted in lower expression of CSE. CSE deficiency decreased the H2S level further, which in turn lowered the S-sulfhydration level of CSE. (3) CSE was S-sulfhydrated at Cys84, Cys109, Cys172, Cys229, Cys252, Cys307 and Cys310 under physiological conditions, mutation of Cys84, Cys109, Cys229, Cys252 and Cys307 decreased its S-sulfhydration level and bio-activity. (4) H2S deficiency could trap hyperhomocysteinemia into a progressive vicious circle and trigger a rapid increase of homocysteine, while blocking nitration or restoring S-sulfhydration could break this circle. In conclusion, this study reveals a novel mechanism involved in the disorder of homocysteine-metabolism, which may provide a candidate therapeutic strategy for hyperhomocysteinemia.
Modulation of specificity protein 1 (SP1) is a novel therapeutic strategy for pancreatic cancer