Reductio Ad Absurdum: Examining the Validity of the 500-gram Rule in Reduction Mammaplasty

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minji Kim ◽  
Mahmood J Al Bayati ◽  
Prakash J Mathew ◽  
Seth R Thaller
Keyword(s):  
Patient Satisfaction ◽  
Reduction Mammaplasty ◽  
Symptomatic Relief ◽  
Reduction Mammoplasty ◽  
Insurance Companies ◽  
Cochrane Central Register ◽  
Common Procedure ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Hard Evidence ◽  
And Function

Abstract Background Reduction mammoplasty is a common procedure associated with a very high patient satisfaction rate. It has been shown to alleviate symptoms related to macromastia, such as back, neck, and shoulder pain, poor posture, bra strap grooving, paresthesia, and rashes. Despite the manifold benefits of reduction mammaplasty, some insurance companies require minimum resection weights of at least 500-grams per breast in order to distinguish between a reconstructive and aesthetic procedure. Objective The aim of this study is to assess the origins of the 500-gram rule used in reduction mammaplasty. Methods A comprehensive literature search of the MEDLINE, PubMed, Google Scholar, EMBASE, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials was conducted for studies published through July 2020 with multiple search terms related to resection weight criteria for breast reduction. Data on criteria, outcomes, and patient satisfaction were collected. Results A total of 14 articles were selected from the 27 articles that were identified. 500-gram rule appears to be arbitrary. It appears that it is not based on any available hard evidence. However, numerous studies show that patients who have less than 500-grams of tissue removed from each breast still experience significant symptomatic relief from reduction mammaplasty with a marked improvement in quality of life. Conclusion The 500-gram rule should be re-evaluated as criterion for pre-authorization reduction mammaplasty for insurance companies. It may influence surgeons to choose between form and function. Many additional patients might then benefit from this procedure with significant benefits.

Reduction Mammoplasty

2019 ◽  
pp. 649-664
Author(s):  
M. Mark Mofid ◽  
Gehaan D’Souza ◽  
Benjamin E. Cohen ◽  
Michael E. Ciaravino
Keyword(s):  
Patient Satisfaction ◽  
Breast Reduction ◽  
Reduction Mammaplasty ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The United States ◽  
Reduction Mammoplasty ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Breast Reduction Surgery ◽  
Developmental Factors ◽  
Wise Pattern

Breast reduction is one of the more common plastic surgery operations performed in the United States. There were 1,00,000 operations performed in 2015. The etiology of breast hypertrophy is unclear and likely involves some combination of hormonal, genetic, and developmental factors. Patients with mammary hypertrophy complain of intertriginous infections, back and shoulder pain, shoulder notching, physical inactivity, dissatisfaction with breast appearance, poor sexual well-being, and poor psychological well-being. The goals of breast reduction surgery are to reduce overall breast volume, maintain nipple-areola viability, and achieve a shape that is aesthetically pleasing. Breast reduction improves patient satisfaction with breast appearance as well as physical and psychosocial well-being. Overall patient satisfaction is most strongly correlated with happiness with the appearance of the breasts. A number of techniques have been developed that effectively meet these goals. Three techniques are described in this chapter: inferior pedicle Wise pattern reduction mammaplasty, vertical pattern breast reduction, and partial breast amputation with free nipple-areola grafting.

Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) of DNA and RNA

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 34-35
Author(s):  
Patricia G. Arscott ◽  
Gil Lee ◽  
Victor A. Bloomfield ◽  
D. Fennell Evans
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Structures ◽  
Inorganic Materials ◽  
Resolving Power ◽  
Scanning Tunneling ◽  
Tunneling Microscopy ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Dna And Rna ◽  
Calf Thymus ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Relationship

STM is one of the most promising techniques available for visualizing the fine details of biomolecular structure. It has been used to map the surface topography of inorganic materials in atomic dimensions, and thus has the resolving power not only to determine the conformation of small molecules but to distinguish site-specific features within a molecule. That level of detail is of critical importance in understanding the relationship between form and function in biological systems. The size, shape, and accessibility of molecular structures can be determined much more accurately by STM than by electron microscopy since no staining, shadowing or labeling with heavy metals is required, and there is no exposure to damaging radiation by electrons. Crystallography and most other physical techniques do not give information about individual molecules.We have obtained striking images of DNA and RNA, using calf thymus DNA and two synthetic polynucleotides, poly(dG-me5dC)·poly(dG-me5dC) and poly(rA)·poly(rU).

Re-examining the form and function of superstition

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott Fluke ◽  
Russell J. Webster ◽  
Donald A. Saucier
Keyword(s):  
Form And Function ◽  
And Function

A New Form and Function for Personality

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Wilt ◽  
William Revelle
Keyword(s):  
Form And Function ◽  
New Form ◽  
And Function

Ausnahmesegment

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (191) ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Schönig
Keyword(s):  
Welfare State ◽  
Social Housing ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Development Models ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Institutional Organization ◽  
National Welfare ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Welfare State

Going along with the end of the “golden age” of the welfare state, the fordist paradigm of social housing has been considerably transformed. From the 1980s onwards, a new paradigm of social housing has been shaped in Germany in terms of provision, institutional organization and design. This transformation can be interpreted as a result of the interplay between the transformation of national welfare state and housing policies, the implementation of entrepreneurial urban policies and a shift in architectural and urban development models. Using an integrated approach to understand form and function of social housing, the paper characterizes the new paradigm established and nevertheless interprets it within the continuity of the specific German welfare resp. housing regime, the “German social housing market economy”.

Form and Function of the Classical Cadenza

1988 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph P. Swain
Keyword(s):  
Form And Function ◽  
And Function
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document