Long-term winter-site fidelity in Song Sparrows (Melospiza melodia)

The Auk ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 136 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tosha R Kelly ◽  
Keith A Hobson ◽  
Garth W Casbourn ◽  
Elizabeth A MacDougall-Shackleton ◽  
Scott A MacDougall-Shackleton

Abstract In migratory animals, the degree to which individuals return to the same wintering sites across multiple years can affect fitness and population dynamics, and thus has important implications for conservation. Despite this, long-term evaluations of wintering-site fidelity are rare for migratory birds: many populations are intensively studied on their breeding grounds but tracking the migratory movements of small birds once they leave the breeding grounds is challenging. To evaluate patterns of overwintering location and fidelity, we collected winter-grown claw tissue from 301 Song Sparrows (Melospiza melodia; 449 samples) captured in spring at their breeding grounds over 6 consecutive yr and assessed stable hydrogen isotope (δ2Hc) values to determine within-individual repeatability and between-year variation in wintering latitudes. We also retrieved useable data from 8 geolocators over 2 consecutive winters. Geolocator-derived wintering positions correlated with origins based on δ2Hc values. Consistent with previous findings, male δ2Hc values reflected more northerly wintering areas than those of females, indicating shorter latitudinal migration distances for males, but the magnitude of the sex difference varied across years. The distribution of wintering latitudes was generally consistent among years, except for the 2015 舑2016 winter, which had unusually negative δ2Hc values. Values of δ2Hc were repeatable for males but not for females, suggesting that winter-site fidelity could differ between sexes. The data presented here emphasize the importance of tracking migratory populations across multiple years to uncover factors affecting population dynamics.

The Condor ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 107 (2) ◽  
pp. 280-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel F. Mazerolle ◽  
Keith A. Hobson

Abstract Tracing movements of migratory birds between breeding and wintering areas is important for both theoretical and conservation purposes. Intrinsic markers such as stable isotopes have received considerable attention because of their usefulness for evaluating migratory connections without the need to mark and recapture individuals. Establishing migratory linkages using stable-isotope markers hinges on knowing which tissues most accurately reflect the isotopic signature of previous feeding locations of interest. Here, we assessed the correspondence among stable-hydrogen isotope (δD) values of feathers, claws, and cellular portions of blood from migrating White-throated Sparrows (Zonotrichia albicollis) to determine if these measures provided concordant estimates of origins. δD values of claws from birds captured during spring and fall migration were positively correlated with δD values of head feathers grown on the wintering grounds and tail feathers grown on breeding grounds, respectively, indicating that claws contained information on origins of individuals. However, analyses contrasting δD measurements of base and tip of claws, and head and tail feathers suggest that a significant amount of claw growth occurred during migration resulting in biased estimates of breeding and wintering origins. Thus, for ground-foraging birds like White-throated Sparrows, we caution against using isotope measurements of claws as long-term position indicators. δD values of blood were correlated with the δD values from the base of claws, which represented the most recent claw growth, but were not correlated with the δD values of claw tips and head feathers. Thus, it appears that the δD values of blood cells are not useful for estimating wintering latitudes of White-throated Sparrows captured during spring migration. Estimación de los Orígenes de las Aves Canoras Migratorias de Corta Distancia en América del Norte: Inferencias Contrastantes a Partir de Medidas de Isótopos de Hidrógeno de las Plumas, Garras y Sangre Resumen. El seguimiento de los movimientos de las aves migratorias entre las áreas reproductivas y de invernada es importante tanto por motivos teóricos como de conservación. Los marcadores intrínsecos como los isótopos estables han recibido una atención considerable debido a su utilidad para evaluar conexiones migratorias sin la necesidad de marcar y recapturar individuos. El establecimiento de vínculos migratorios usando marcadores de isótopos estables depende del conocimiento de cuáles son los tejidos que mejor reflejan la señal isotópica de los sitios de alimentación previos de interés. En este trabajo, evaluamos la relación entre los valores de los isótopos estables de hidrógeno (δD) de las plumas, garras y porciones celulares de la sangre de individuos migratorios de Zonotrichia albicollis para determinar si estas medidas brindaban estimaciones concordantes sobre sus lugares de origen. Los valores de δD de las garras de aves capturadas durante las migraciones de primavera y otoño estuvieron correlacionados positivamente con los valores de δD de las plumas de la cabeza desarrolladas en los sitios de invernada y de las plumas de la cola desarrolladas en los sitios reproductivos, indicando que las garras contenían información sobre los orígenes invernales de los individuos. Sin embargo, los análisis que contrastaron las medidas de δD de la base y la punta de las garras, y de las plumas de la cabeza y de la cola sugieren que una cantidad significativa del crecimiento de las garras ocurrió durante la migración, generando estimaciones sesgadas de los sitios reproductivos y de invernada de origen. De este modo, para las aves que se alimentan en el suelo como Z. albicollis, sugerimos no usar medidas de isótopos de las garras como indicadores a largo plazo de la posición. Los valores de δD de la sangre estuvieron correlacionados con los valores de δD de la base de las garras, los que reflejaron el crecimiento reciente de las garras, pero no estuvieron correlacionados con los valores de δD de la punta de la garras y de las plumas de la cabeza. De este modo, parece que los valores de δD de las células sanguíneas no son útiles para estimar las latitudes de invernada de individuos de Z. albicollis capturados durante la migración de primavera.


2006 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 573-576 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane M Reid ◽  
Peter Arcese ◽  
Lukas F Keller ◽  
Dennis Hasselquist

Knowledge of the causes of variation in host immunity to parasitic infection and the time-scales over which variation persists, is integral to predicting the evolutionary and epidemiological consequences of host–parasite interactions. It is clear that offspring immunity can be influenced by parental immune experience, for example, reflecting transfer of antibodies from mothers to young offspring. However, it is less clear whether such parental effects persist or have functional consequences over longer time-scales, linking a parent's previous immune experience to future immune responsiveness in fully grown offspring. We used free-living song sparrows ( Melospiza melodia ) to quantify long-term effects of parental immune experience on offspring immune response. We experimentally vaccinated parents with a novel antigen and tested whether parental vaccination influenced the humoral antibody response mounted by fully grown offspring hatched the following year. Parental vaccination did not influence offspring baseline antibody titres. However, offspring of vaccinated mothers mounted substantially stronger antibody responses than offspring of unvaccinated mothers. Antibody responses did not differ between offspring of vaccinated and unvaccinated fathers. These data demonstrate substantial long-term effects of maternal immune experience on the humoral immune response of fully grown offspring in free-living birds.


2001 ◽  
Vol 79 (12) ◽  
pp. 2115-2127 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Härkönen ◽  
K C Harding

A long-term study of freeze-branded harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) revealed explicit site fidelity. Individuals were followed up to 14 years of age and none of the 163 branded animals were observed to haul out beyond a 32-km distance from the site where they were branded as pups. Within this range, striking spatial segregation by age and sex prevailed. While females' site fidelity increased with age, males spent less time at their natal site with increasing age. These findings have consequences for understanding the population dynamics of harbour seals, since single "colonies" will act as partly isolated "subpopulations" in some contexts but not in others. The differing migration tendencies of the population segments lead to spatially segregated sex and age ratios of subpopulations and create a complex pattern of connectivity among these subpopulations. Ignoring the spatial scale will lead to severe misinterpretations of analyses of basic population-dynamic processes, especially rates of population increase, rates of gene flow, and the dynamics of the spread of diseases. We suggest that when studies have different aims, these should be addressed by encompassing different numbers of subpopulations.


2017 ◽  
Vol 284 (1867) ◽  
pp. 20171710 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucyna Halupka ◽  
Konrad Halupka

Many bird species are advancing the timing of their egg-laying in response to a warming climate. Little is known, however, of whether this advancement affects the respective length of the breeding seasons. A meta-analysis of 65 long-term studies of 54 species from the Northern Hemisphere has revealed that within the last 45 years an average population has lengthened the season by 1.4 days per decade, which was independent from changes in mean laying dates. Multi-brooded birds have prolonged their seasons by 4 days per decade, while single-brooded have shortened by 2 days. Changes in season lengths covaried with local climate changes: warming was correlated with prolonged seasons in multi-brooded species, but not in single-brooders. This might be a result of higher ecological flexibility of multi-brooded birds, whereas single brooders may have problems with synchronizing their reproduction with the peak of food resources. Sedentary species and short-distance migrants prolonged their breeding seasons more than long-distance migrants, which probably cannot track conditions at their breeding grounds. We conclude that as long as climate warming continues without major changes in ecological conditions, multi-brooded or sedentary species will probably increase their reproductive output, while the opposite effect may occur in single-brooded or migratory birds.


1961 ◽  
Vol 93 (9) ◽  
pp. 820-831 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Harcourt

In 1958, intensive studies on the population dynamics of the diamondback moth, Plutella maculipennis (Curt.), on cabbage were initiated in long-term study plots at Merivale, Ontario. The object was to construct ecological life tables (Morris and Miller, 1954) for successive generations of the insect, and, ultimately, to develop a mathematical model describing survival of field populations. This paper reports on the variation between samples of immature stages of the moth, and between some of the mortality factors affecting its abundance, and on the use of these data in designing a sampling plan with acceptable limits of precision.


1962 ◽  
Vol 94 (8) ◽  
pp. 849-859 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Harcourt

In 1958, intensive studies on the population dynamics of the imported cabbageworm, Pieris rapae (L.), on cabbage were initiated in long-term study plots at Merivale, Ontario. The object was to construct ecological life tables for successive generations of the species, and ultimately, to develop mathematical models describing survival of field populations. This paper reports on the variation between samples of immature stages of the insect, and between some of the mortality factors affecting its abundance; it further illustrates the use of these data in designing a sampling plan with acceptable limits of precision.


2008 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 685-688 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anders P Tøttrup ◽  
Kasper Thorup ◽  
Kalle Rainio ◽  
Reuven Yosef ◽  
Esa Lehikoinen ◽  
...  

The onset of migration in birds is assumed to be primarily under endogenous control in long-distance migrants. Recently, climate changes appear to have been driving a rapid change in breeding area arrival. However, little is known about the climatic factors affecting migratory birds during the migration cycle, or whether recently reported phenological changes are caused by plastic behavioural responses or evolutionary change. Here, we investigate how environmental conditions in the wintering areas as well as en route towards breeding areas affect timing of migration. Using data from 1984 to 2004 covering the entire migration period every year from observatories located in the Middle East and northern Europe, we show that passage of the Sahara Desert is delayed and correlated with improved conditions in the wintering areas. By contrast, migrants travel more rapidly through Europe, and adjust their breeding area arrival time in response to improved environmental conditions en route . Previous studies have reported opposing results from a different migration route through the Mediterranean region (Italy). We argue that the simplest explanation for different phenological patterns at different latitudes and between migratory routes appears to be phenotypic responses to spatial variability in conditions en route .


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