Anatomical diversity and evolution of the anthocarp in Nyctaginaceae

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander P Sukhorukov ◽  
Maya V Nilova ◽  
Michael J Moore ◽  
Riva Bruenn ◽  
Noah Last ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Character ◽  
Character State ◽  
Generic Level ◽  
Anatomical Studies ◽  
Diverse Families ◽  
The Family ◽  
Phylogenetic Character

Abstract Nyctaginaceae are one of the most diverse families in core Caryophyllales. The most diagnostic character of the family is a persistent anthocarp derived from a calyx-like perianth. Anthocarp morphology is highly variable across the family, but its evolution is poorly studied. We investigate anthocarp evolution in Nyctaginaceae through extensive anatomical studies (159 species from 28 genera representing six of seven tribes) and phylogenetic character state reconstructions. We found highly diverse anthocarp anatomy across Nyctaginaceae, with most traits analysed evolving multiple times throughout the family. The representatives of three early-diverging clades of Nyctaginaceae (Leucastereae, Boldoeae and Colignonieae) possess a calyx-like anthocarp with simplified anatomy. The so-called ‘glands’ in Nyctagineae and Pisonieae are emergences, whereas wings originate by accrescence of perianth segments, elongation of the ribs and outgrowths (emergences) of anthocarp mesophyll. Anthocarp anatomy can be considered as a generic-level feature in Colignonieae, Pisonieae, Bougainvilleeae and Nyctagineae. The most dramatic transitions from perianth to anthocarp involve the shrivelling and abscission of the upper perianth part and the maintenance of the basal modified perianth portion that originated in the clade comprising Colignonieae and sister clades.

A REVISED GENERIC SYNOPSIS OF HYACINTHACEAE IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA, BASED ON MOLECULAR EVIDENCE, INCLUDING NEW COMBINATIONS AND THE NEW TRIBE PSEUDOPROSPEREAE

2003 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 533-568 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. MANNING ◽  
P. GOLDBLATT ◽  
M. F. FAY
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Molecular Evidence ◽  
New Combinations ◽  
Generic Level ◽  
The Family ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic ◽  
Single Genus ◽  
New Tribe ◽  
Sub Saharan

A revised generic synopsis of sub-Saharan Hyacinthaceae is presented, based on a molecular phylogenetic analysis of the family. Generic rank is accorded only to reciprocally monophyletic clades that can be distinguished by recognizable morphological discontinuities, thereby permitting an appropriate generic assignment of species not included in the analysis. Three subfamilies are recognized within the region. Subfamily Ornithogaloideae, characterized by flattened or angular seeds with tightly adhering testa, is considered to include the single genus Ornithogalum, which is expanded to include the genera Albuca, Dipcadi, Galtonia, Neopatersonia and Pseudogaltonia. Recognizing any of these segregates at generic level renders the genus Ornithogalum polyphyletic, while subdivision of Ornithogalum into smaller, morphologically distinguishable segregates in order to preserve the monophyly of each is not possible. Subfamily Urgineoideae, characterized by flattened or winged seeds with brittle, loosely adhering testa, comprises the two mainland African genera Bowiea and Drimia. The latter is well circumscribed by its deciduous, short-lived perianth and includes the previously recognized genera Litanthus, Rhadamanthus, Schizobasis and Tenicroa. The monotypic Madagascan Igidia is provisionally included in the subfamily as a third genus on the basis of its seeds, pending molecular confirmation of its relationships. Subfamily Hyacinthoideae resolves into three clades, distinguished as tribes Hyacintheae (strictly northern hemisphere and not treated further), Massonieae and Pseudoprospereae tribus nov. Full descriptions and a key to their identification are provided for all genera. New combinations reflecting the generic circumscriptions adopted here are made for most African and all Indian and Madagascan species.

Checklist of the cestode parasites of wild birds of Argentina

2021 ◽  
Vol 95 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.B. Drago ◽  
M. Dueñas Díaz ◽  
R. Draghi ◽  
V. Núñez
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Nominal Species ◽  
Generic Level ◽  
The Family ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
Annotated Checklist

Abstract An annotated checklist of the cestode parasites of Argentinean wild birds is presented, as the result of a compilation of parasitological papers published between 1900 and April 2021. This review provides data on hosts, geographical distribution, sites of infection, location of material deposited in helminthological collections, references and taxonomic comments. A host/parasite list is also provided. During this period, 38 papers were published that gather information about 34 cestode nominal species and 11 taxa identified at generic level, belonging to three orders, ten families and 35 genera. The highest number of cestode taxa was recorded in the family Hymenolepididae, with 12 nominal species and two taxa identified at generic level, followed by Dilepididae, with eight nominal species and three taxa identified at generic level. Of the 1042 species of birds reported in Argentina, only 29 (2.8%) were reported as hosts of adult cestodes. The families of birds with the highest number of reported taxa were Laridae and Anatidae, with 20 and 14 taxa, respectively.

scholarly journals Algunos aspectos ecológicos y fitogeográficos de las especies de Cyperaceae en el Valle de México. II. Análisis fitogeográfico

2017 ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Socorro González-E. ◽  
J. Rzedowski
Keyword(s):  
Regional Scale ◽  
Generic Level ◽  
High Plateau ◽  
General Terms ◽  
The Family

The analysis of the geographic affinities of the members of Cyperaceae belonging to the flora of the V alley of Mexico reveals that, in general terms, neotropical relationships prevail amply over the holarctic ones that were detected, while species with distribution restricted to Mexico amount to about 30% of the total number. With countries as distant as Poland and Liberia there are few species in common, although at the generic level, the similarity exceeds 50%. On a more regional scale, the cyperaceous flora of the Valley shows evident links with that of the Mexican High Plateau, but has relatively little in common with the flora of warmer parts of the country. The results support the idea of Raven and Axelrod, who claim that the family evolved initially in tropical and subtropical areas and later migrated northward and southward.

New species of Grubeulepis Pettibone, 1969 (Eulepethidae, Annelida) from northern Brazil

Zootaxa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4441 (2) ◽  
pp. 379
Author(s):  
ALLANA STÉPHANIE TAVARES CUTRIM ◽  
EMANUELLE FERNANDES PRASERES ◽  
JHULLY MICKAELLY VERMONT SILVA CONCEIÇÃO ◽  
ZAFIRA DA SILVA DE ALMEIDA ◽  
MIODELI NOGUEIRA JÚNIOR ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Outer Edge ◽  
Additional Species ◽  
Diverse Families ◽  
The Family ◽  
Northern Brazil

Eulepethidae is one of the least diverse families of scale polychaetes, with only 23 species described thus far. In this study we describe an additional species of Grubeulepis from unconsolidated substrata from Maranhão, tropical Brazil (ca. 2°S). Grubeulepis serrata sp. nov. differs from other species of the family due to the presence of one pair of eyes, 14 pairs of branchiae, posterior lamellae beginning in the 27th segment, with hooked upper notochaetae and serrated outer edge acicular neurochaeta in the 3rd segment. The diagnosis of the genus formerly included species with 10–13 pairs of branchiae, and thus is modified to accommodate the 14 pairs of branchiae from the new species described here. Grubeulepis serrata sp. nov. shares with Grubeulepis mexicana (Berkeley & Berkeley 1939) the number of lateral processes of the 12th elytra, the segment of the foliaceous lamellae and the presence of acicular neurochaeta in the 3rd segment, but they differ in the number of branchiae pairs, eyes and the notochaetae shape. Grubeulepis serrata sp. nov. shares with Grubeulepis geayi (Fauvel 1918) the spiny notochaetae with spoon-shaped distal end, but differ in the hooked upper notochaetae, amount of lateral processes, and elytra articulation. 

Comparative chemotaxonomic investigations on amaranthus hybridus l. and Amaranthus spinosus L.

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-100
Author(s):  
C. Wahua ◽  
J. Nwikiri
Keyword(s):  
Niger Delta ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Stomatal Index ◽  
Amaranthus Hybridus ◽  
Anatomical Studies ◽  
Amaranthus Spinosus ◽  
The Family ◽  
Phytochemical Studies ◽  
Key Words Morphology

The present study is set to investigate the comparative chemotaxonomic investigations on Amaranthus hybridus L. and Amaranthus spinosus L. which belong to the family Amaranthaceae. They are dicots pre-dominantly found in the Niger Delta Tropics, Nigeria. The species are annual erect herbs with flower inflorescences as elongated spikes which are mostly paniculate occurring at ends of branches in globose fashion in axils of leaves.The nodes often have pair of axillary spines. Flowers are small, greenish with male ones at the top while the female ones below the clusters and stem is greenish but often reddish with one-seeded capsule as fruit in Amaranthus spinosus which attains up to 80 ± 20cm in height whereas A. hybridus differ in absence of a pair of axillary spines, the stems are greenish or slightly pinkish which grows up to 100 ± 10cm in height. A. hybridus is more of a vegetable and has alternate phyllotaxi and narrow cuneate base. Fruits from both species are circumscissile capsules and their inflorescences are terminal racemes positioned at their axils with female perianth segments of five. Epidermal studies revealed amphistomatic stomata which is anisocytic  type for both species. The stomatal index for A. spinosus adaxial foliar epidermis is 20% and the abaxial 20% whereas for A. hybridus adaxial is 20% and abaxial foliar stomatal index of 20%. Anatomical studies revealed open vascular system, collenchyma dominating the hypodermis while parenchyma occupied the general cortex and pith regions. A. hybridus has more vascular bundles and trichomes, and wider pith than A. spinosus. Phytochemical studies showed the presence of tannins, saponins, alkaloids, and flavonoids are present in A. spinosus while alkaloids were absent only in A. hybridus. This may be the reason why A. spinosus is used more in tradomedicine than A.hybridus which served more as vegetable. Key Words: Morphology, Anatomy, Phytochemistry, Amaranthus, Amaranthaceae

Parakari a New Genus of the Family Baetidae (Insecta: Ephemeroptera) from Guyana Highlands

Zootaxa ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 3032 (1) ◽  
pp. 47 ◽  
Author(s):  
CAROLINA NIETO ◽  
TOMÁŠ DERKA
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
South America ◽  
New Genus ◽  
The Other ◽  
Obtuse Angle ◽  
Diverse Families ◽  
The Family ◽  
Two New Species ◽  
High Level ◽  
Table Mountains

Baetidae is one of the most diverse families of Ephemeroptera. In South America this family now encompasses 27 genera and more than 130 species. The Guyana region is known for its extraordinary diversity and high level of endemism, which is, above all, remarkable at the tops of the isolated flat-topped table mountains – tepuis. Recently various international speleological expeditions to Churí-tepui explored the cave systems of this mountain. Here we describe a new genus of Baetidae recently found during the mentioned expeditions to Churí-tepui and Auyán-tepui. Parakari n. gen. can be distinguish from the other genera of this family, among other characters, in the nymphs by the absence of abdominal gills I, tarsal claws with subapical denticle larger than the others, right mandible with prostheca bifid and pectinate and with incisors positioned in obtuse angle to mola area, lingua with a tuft of setae, segment II of maxillary palpi with a concavity and a hole apically and segment II of labial palpi with a strong distomedial projection. In the adults the hind wings are absent and genitalia with segment II of forceps with a constriction, segment III elongate and long. Two new species are included in this genus; each one was collected at different tepui. A key and illustrations are included.

scholarly journals Assemblage turnovers in Mesozoic calcareous nannofossils: periodicity and distinction from the terminal Cretaceous event

1992 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 26-26
Author(s):  
James Bergen
Keyword(s):  
Geographic Area ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Calcareous Nannofossils ◽  
Low Latitude ◽  
Generic Level ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Common ◽  
Biological Extinction ◽  
Species Extinctions

Long-term cycles are evident in the stratigraphic distribution(appearances/extinctions) and dominance changes of Mesozoic calcareous nannofossils. These assemblage turnovers correspond to major episodes of biological extinction recognized in inverterbrate genera and families. The identified Mesozoic nannofossil assemblage turnovers are gradual, in contrast to the well-documented and geologically instantaneous terminal Cretaceous event. Such continuity indicates a non-catatrophic cause and suggests that these turnovers are unrelated to the terminal Cretaceous “accident”. Their timing instead corresponds to interpreted sea level trends and paleoceanographic changes in the sections studied.Current evidence is based on a limited number of sections spanning the Pliensbachian to Cenomanian, although published literature and a thorough analysis of the Cenomanian show that these turnovers can be recognized over a wide geographic area. These preliminary conclusions are based on detailed sample analyses of marine sections selected for their nannofossil content. This has eliminated any taxonomic or preservational bias and problems related to compiled literature ranges.Major dominance changes are recorded in the Pliensbachian, Bajocian, Tithonian, and Aptian. The Pliensbachian turnover is evident at the family and ordinal level, whereas the younger dominance changes occur at the generic level. A major diversification during the Pliensbachian resulted in the replacement of the Jurassic Family Crepidolithaceae by the important Jurassic placolith families. The Bajocian and Tithonian turnovers were initiated by dominance changes within the common imbricate placolith family, Ellipsagelosphaeraceae. The Tithonian turnover was most dramatic including: (1) a major diversification near the Jurassic/Cretaceous boundary; (2) the extinction of several genera; and (3) the establishment of a dominant low latitude assemblage (Nannoconus, Conusphaera, Micrantholithus). Species appearances and extinctions characterize the Cretaceous turnovers. There was an increase in species extinctions during the Hauterivian, Aptian, and Cenomanian. The Aptian also includes the extinction of the aforementioned low latitude assemblage and the subsequent diversification and radiation of more cosmopolitan floras, which continued until the end of the Albian. The highest number of nannofossil species extinctions within any Mesozoic stage (except for the terminal Cretaceous) are recorded in the Cenomanian. Although several of these species extinctions are associated with the Cenomanian/Turonian boundary anoxic event, most preceeded this event.

On the nomenclature of Bathyergidae and Fukomys n. gen. (Mammalia: Rodentia)

Zootaxa ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 1142 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
DIETER KOCK ◽  
COLLEEN M. INGRAM ◽  
LAURENCE J. FRABOTTA ◽  
RODNEY L. HONEYCUTT ◽  
HYNEK BURDA
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Junior Synonym ◽  
Molecular Evidence ◽  
Generic Level ◽  
The Family ◽  
Taxonomic History ◽  
History Of ◽  
Subsequent Literature

Recently, in an examination of the phylogenetic relationships among the mole-rats of the family Bathyergidae (Mammalia: Rodentia), Ingram et al. (2004) documented molecular evidence for the recognition of the Cryptomys mechowii species group at the generic level and resurrected the name Coetomys Gray, 1864 for this group. Subsequent literature review revealed that Coetomys is not available to this species group, being a junior synonym of Cryptomys Gray, 1864. Here, we describe and diagnose Fukomys genus novum. In addition, we discuss the taxonomic history of this group in an attempt to reduce the nomenclatural confusion that has plagued studies of the Bathyergidae for over a century.

Phylogenetic overview of flat wasps (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae) reveals Elektroepyrinae, a new fossil subfamily

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 269-283
Author(s):  
WESLEY D. COLOMBO ◽  
EVGENY E. PERKOVSKY ◽  
CELSO O. AZEVEDO
Keyword(s):  
Lower Cretaceous ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
New Taxon ◽  
Fossil Species ◽  
Geological Record ◽  
Diverse Families ◽  
The Third ◽  
Extant Species ◽  
The Family

The flat wasps, Bethylidae, are cosmopolitan and one of the most diverse families of Chrysidoidea. Bethylidae have 2,920 described extant species and almost 90 fossil species. The oldest geological record of the family is the Lower Cretaceous, from Lebanese and Spanish ambers and Transbaikalian rock fossils. Here we describe and illustrate one new fossil subfamily of Bethylidae: †Elektroepyrinae subfam. nov. represented by †Elektroepyris Perrichot & Nel from the lowermost Eocene Oise amber (France), which was cladistically assessed against all other eight subfamilies of Bethylidae. The new taxon is easily distinguished from other subfamilies by the forewing venation with the third abscissa of Cu present. Phylogenetic analyses support the monophyly of all subfamilies of Bethylidae, with a matrix with 69 morphological characters and 22 terminal taxa from where †Elektroepyrinae subfam. nov. emerged as independent lineage from all other subfamilies.

The Australasian spiny trapdoor spiders of the family Idiopidae (Mygalomorphae : Arbanitinae): a relimitation and revision at the generic level

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 566 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael G. Rix ◽  
Robert J. Raven ◽  
Barbara Y. Main ◽  
Sophie E. Harrison ◽  
Andrew D. Austin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Species Level ◽  
Generic Level ◽  
New Family ◽  
The Family ◽  
Field Identification ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic ◽  
Three New Species ◽  
New Synonymy ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic Data

The Australasian spiny trapdoor spiders of the family Idiopidae (subfamily Arbanitinae) are revised at the generic level, using a multi-locus molecular phylogenetic foundation and comprehensive sampling of all known lineages. We propose a new family- and genus-group classification for the monophyletic Australasian fauna, and recognise 10 genera in four tribes. The Arbanitini Simon includes Arbanitis L. Koch, 1874 (61 species), Blakistonia Hogg, 1902 (one species) and Cantuaria Hogg, 1902 (43 species). The Aganippini Simon includes Bungulla Rix, Main, Raven & Harvey, gen. nov. (two species), Eucanippe Rix, Main, Raven & Harvey, gen. nov. (one species), Eucyrtops Pocock, 1897 (two species), Gaius Rainbow, 1914 (one species) and Idiosoma Ausserer, 1871 (14 species). The Cataxiini Rainbow and Euoplini Rainbow include just Cataxia Rainbow, 1914 (11 species) and Euoplos Rainbow, 1914 (12 species), respectively. Two distinctive new genera of Aganippini are described from Western Australia, and several previously valid genera are recognised as junior synonyms of existing genus-group names, including Misgolas Karsch, 1878 (= Arbanitis; new synonymy), Aganippe O. P.-Cambridge, 1877 (= Idiosoma; new synonymy) and Anidiops Pocock, 1897 (= Idiosoma; new synonymy). Gaius stat. rev. is further removed from synonymy of Anidiops. Other previously hypothesised generic synonyms are supported by both morphology and molecular phylogenetic data from 12 genes, including the synonymy of Neohomogona Main, 1985 and Homogona Rainbow, 1914 with Cataxia, and the synonymy of Albaniana Rainbow & Pulleine, 1918, Armadalia Rainbow & Pulleine, 1918, Bancroftiana Rainbow & Pulleine, 1918 and Tambouriniana Rainbow & Pulleine, 1918 with Euoplos. At the species level, the identifications of Eucy. latior (O. P.-Cambridge, 1877) and I. manstridgei (Pocock, 1897) are clarified, and three new species are described: Bungulla bertmaini Rix, Main, Raven & Harvey, sp. nov., Eucanippe bifida Rix, Main, Raven & Harvey, sp. nov. and Idiosoma galeosomoides Rix, Main, Raven & Harvey, sp. nov., the latter remarkable for its phragmotic abdominal morphology. The Tasmanian species Mygale annulipes C. L. Koch, 1842 is here transferred to the genus Stanwellia Rainbow & Pulleine, 1918 (family Nemesiidae), comb. nov., Arbanitis mestoni Hickman, 1928 is transferred to Cantuaria, comb. nov. and Idiosoma hirsutum Main, 1952 is synonymised with I. sigillatum (O. P.-Cambridge, 1870), new synonymy. In addition to the morphological synopses and an illustrated key to genera, molecular diagnoses are presented for all nominal taxa, along with live habitus and burrow images to assist in field identification. The Australasian idiopid fauna is highly diverse, with numerous new species known from all genera. As a result, this study provides a taxonomic and nomenclatural foundation for future species-level analyses, and a single reference point for the monographic documentation of a remarkable fauna. http://zoobank.org/?lsid=urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:BACE065D-1EF9-40C6-9134-AADC9235FAD8

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