scholarly journals Vocal Development is Correlated with an Indicator of Hatching Date in Brown-Headed Cowbirds

The Condor ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 104 (4) ◽  
pp. 761-771 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian L. O'Loghlen ◽  
Stephen I. Rothstein

Abstract The timing and ecological circumstances under which individual songbirds acquire memorized copies of their species-typical songs can vary significantly within a population. Males that hatch later in the breeding season are likely to hear less conspecific song as juveniles than earlier-hatched individuals. In addition, late-hatched males will experience shorter days and decreasing photoperiods during their song acquisition phase, factors known to affect vocal development. We tested the prediction that yearling Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater) that hatched earlier the previous season are more advanced in their development of repertoires of local songs than those hatched later. We recorded perched songs from 17 yearling and 20 adult males trapped at two adjacent sites in New York state and found that yearling perched song repertoires were smaller and contained few of the perched song types common to the repertoires of local adults (adult-shared types). As found in previous field studies of cowbirds, yearlings did not alter the content or size of their repertoires during the season. We used underwing juvenal-feather retention as a measure of relative hatching date in a subset of 15 yearlings and found that perched song repertoires of earlier-hatched yearlings contained more local adult-shared types than repertoires of younger, later-hatched birds. We also investigated flight whistles of males from one site and found that only 4 of 10 yearlings produced the flight whistle type typically given by local adults. Evidence linking flight whistle development and the plumage character we used as an indicator of hatching date was inconclusive. Correlación Entre el Desarrollo Vocal y un Indicador de Tiempo de Eclosión en Molothrus ater Resumen. El tiempo y las circunstancias ecológicas bajo las cuales las aves canoras adquieren copias memorizadas de los cantos típicos de su especie pueden variar entre poblaciones. Los machos juveniles que eclosionan tarde en la temporada tienen (1) menor probabilidad de escuchar cantos coespecíficos que los individuos que eclosionan antes y (2) experimentarán días más cortos y una disminución del fotoperiodo durante la fase de adquisición del canto, factores que afectan el desarrollo vocal. Probamos que juveniles de Molothrus ater que eclosionaron tempranamente durante la temporada anterior presentan un mayor avance en el desarrollo de repertorio de cantos locales que aquellos que eclosionaron más tarde. Registramos los cantos de percheo de 17 machos juveniles y de 20 machos adultos capturados en dos sitios adyacentes en el estado de Nueva York. Los repertorios de canto de juveniles fueron menores y contenían sólo unos pocos tipos de canto de percheo típicos de adultos locales (tipos compartidos entre adultos). Los juveniles no cambiaron el contenido ni el tamaño del repertorio durante la temporada. Utilizamos la retención de plumas juveniles bajo el ala como una medida relativa del tiempo de eclosión en un subconjunto de 15 juveniles. Los repertorios de canto de percheo de los juveniles que eclosionaron tempranamente contenían más tipos adultos que los de aves más jóvenes. En machos de uno de los sitios encontramos que sólo 4 de 10 juveniles produjeron el silbido al vuelo típicamente emitido por los adultos locales. La evidencia que conecta el desarrollo del silbido al vuelo y el indicador del plumaje que utilizamos como indicador del tiempo de eclosión no fue conclusiva.

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (11) ◽  
pp. 2249-2252 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. Darley

Twenty-five male and 15 female brown-headed cowbirds were captured in the fall of 1966. In mid-December of 1966 they were subjected to extended photoperiod to bring them into breeding condition. Various combinations of yearling and adult males and females were observed in eight trials to determine the effect of age and dominance of males on pairing with females. Both yearling and adult males paired with females. Only dominant males paired with females. Subordinate males remained unpaired if sufficient females were unavailable. These observations confirm impressions formed in field studies on the role of dominance and age in pairing in cowbirds.


PLoS ONE ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
pp. e0226614
Author(s):  
Rachel Hart-Malloy ◽  
Mark Rosenthal ◽  
Wendy Patterson ◽  
Salvatore Currenti ◽  
Travis O’Donnell ◽  
...  

2022 ◽  
Vol 154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chapin Czarnecki ◽  
Rea Manderino ◽  
Dylan Parry

Abstract Many caterpillars exhibit patterns of ultraviolet (UV) fluorescence, although its purpose is unclear. We used realistic plasticine models of a fluorescing caterpillar species, the Polyphemus moth, Antheraea polyphemus (Lepidoptera; Saturniidae), adorned with fluorescent paint treatments and unpainted controls to quantify bird predation in two hardwood forested regions of New York State, United States of America. In separate field studies, significantly more birds struck deployed model caterpillars that had no UV fluorescence. More strikes on unpainted and clear paint treatments suggest paint itself did not impact predation, whereas similar predation attempts on bird and human-visible fluorescent dummies suggest that UV fluorescence and not UV reflectance was responsible for the observed effect. A second study found the dummy’s location on the tree was also important, but the low number of bird strikes limited analyses. Although our results do not identify a mechanism, fluorescence may function to deter or avoid predation. Our study contributes to a growing body of work investigating the importance of UV patterns in arthropods and highlights a potentially fruitful area of future research on predator–prey relations.


Weed Science ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 51 (6) ◽  
pp. 1016-1021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin R. Bellinder ◽  
Marija Arsenovic ◽  
Denis A. Shah ◽  
Bradley J. Rauch

The efficacies of bentazon and fomesafen in controlling annual weeds in dry and edible pod beans in New York State were investigated in greenhouse and field experiments. Dose responses to bentazon and fomesafen were studied for four weed species (ragweed, velvetleaf, eastern black nightshade, and hairy nightshade) under greenhouse conditions. Herbicides were applied at cotyledon to two-, two- to four-, and four- to six–true leaf stages, both with and without a crop oil concentrate (bentazon) or a nonionic surfactant (fomesafen). Field studies were conducted for 2 yr for all weed species except eastern black nightshade, for which no adequate field populations were found. Field studies confirmed greenhouse results, indicating that weed control could be improved by the use of an adjuvant, but there were exceptions. In general, adjuvant usage improved the efficacy of fomesafen more than it did with bentazon. The minimum rates of herbicide required for effective and consistent control was dependent on the particular combination of weed species, herbicide and its rate of application, growth stage at which the application was made, and adjuvant usage.


2006 ◽  
Vol 84 (12) ◽  
pp. 1771-1780 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larissa L. Smith ◽  
Antonio DiTommaso ◽  
Johannes Lehmann ◽  
Sigurdur Greipsson

The alien invasive vine Vincetoxicum rossicum (Kleopow) Barbar. is problematic in the Lower Great Lakes Basin of North America. The lack of effective control strategies exacerbates the need for a better understanding of the growth and reproductive potential of V. rossicum. Thus, a 2-year field experiment was performed in a field site in 2003 and 2004 that was densely colonized by V. rossicum. Mean height of V. rossicum stems was 20% and 45% greater in naturally shaded plots compared with plots receiving full sun in 2003 and 2004, respectively. During the 2-year study, the density of stems 10 cm or taller averaged 134 stems·m–2, substantially greater than reported in previous field studies for this species. The high densities of stems and seedlings indicate that this field site may be near or at carrying capacity. Each stem produced, on average, 17 mature follicles with some stems producing as many as 100 follicles. Each follicle yielded an average of 15 seeds, each composed of an average of two viable embryos. A typical V. rossicum stand in this site produced as many as 54 000 seedlings·m–2 annually. More flowers (2400 flowers·m–2), follicles (2250 follicles·m–2), and total seeds (32 000 seeds·m–2) were produced in plots receiving intermediate light compared with plants in full sun (1650 flowers·m–2, 1600 follicles·m–2, and 25 000 seeds·m–2) or shaded (1600 flowers·m–2, 2000 follicles·m–2, and 28 000 seeds·m–2) plots. Seeds harvested from follicles in the low light plots were 41% more likely to be dormant than seeds collected from follicles in full sun plots. Seeds collected from plants in full sun plots had the lowest frequency (∼36%) of single embryo seeds and the highest frequency (∼64%) of multiple embryo seeds. These findings suggest that V. rossicum growth and reproductive output is influenced by light environment. While competitive strategies differ between the light environments, the decrease in viability and germination in shaded sites may not be large enough to affect population growth over multiple generations. The substantially greater growth and reproduction of V. rossicum reported in this study relative to previous research may explain the increasing abundance and range expansion of this species in many Lower Great Lakes regions of Ontario and New York State.


2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 314-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary P Wormser ◽  
Donna McKenna ◽  
Nicholas Piedmonte ◽  
Vanessa Vinci ◽  
Andrea M Egizi ◽  
...  

Abstract We present the case summary of the first human recognized to have been bitten by the Haemaphysalis longicornis tick in the United States, which occurred in New York State. Subsequent field studies confirmed that this tick was present in multiple geographic locations near the patient’s residence, including on manicured lawns.


Author(s):  
Catherine J. Crowley ◽  
Kristin Guest ◽  
Kenay Sudler

What does it mean to have true cultural competence as an speech-language pathologist (SLP)? In some areas of practice it may be enough to develop a perspective that values the expectations and identity of our clients and see them as partners in the therapeutic process. But when clinicians are asked to distinguish a language difference from a language disorder, cultural sensitivity is not enough. Rather, in these cases, cultural competence requires knowledge and skills in gathering data about a student's cultural and linguistic background and analyzing the student's language samples from that perspective. This article describes one American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA)-accredited graduate program in speech-language pathology and its approach to putting students on the path to becoming culturally competent SLPs, including challenges faced along the way. At Teachers College, Columbia University (TC) the program infuses knowledge of bilingualism and multiculturalism throughout the curriculum and offers bilingual students the opportunity to receive New York State certification as bilingual clinicians. Graduate students must demonstrate a deep understanding of the grammar of Standard American English and other varieties of English particularly those spoken in and around New York City. Two recent graduates of this graduate program contribute their perspectives on continuing to develop cultural competence while working with diverse students in New York City public schools.


2005 ◽  
Vol 38 (20) ◽  
pp. 8
Author(s):  
MICHELE G. SULLIVAN
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document