scholarly journals Seasonal Changes in Brood Sex Composition in Audouin's Gulls

The Condor ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 105 (4) ◽  
pp. 783-790 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meritxell Genovart ◽  
Daniel Oro ◽  
Xavier Ruiz ◽  
Richard Griffiths ◽  
Pat Monaghan ◽  
...  

AbstractWe examined seasonal variation in the hatching sex ratio of Audouin's Gull (Larus audouinii). This species is sexually size dimorphic (males are 20% larger than females at fledging); it has a modal clutch of three eggs, which vary in size (the third egg is the smallest) and hatch asynchronously. These sex, egg size, and hatching patterns generate substantial within-brood differences in chick size that interact with the food provisioning of the parents to influence chick survival. Parental provisioning capacity depends on both parental quality and environmental conditions, both of which are known to decline with season. Consequently, the optimal brood composition is likely to vary within a season. Using molecular markers to sex newly hatched chicks, we found that offspring sex was influenced by an interaction between hatching date and hatching order, with the proportion of males among third-hatched chicks initially increasing and then decreasing later in the season.Cambios Estacionales en la Proporción de Sexos de las Polladas en Larus audouiniiResumen. En el presente trabajo examinamos la variación estacional en la proporción de sexos de los pollos de Larus audouinii en el momento de la eclosión. Esta especie es sexualmente dimórfica (los machos son un 20% mayores que las hembras al acabar su crecimiento), tiene una puesta modal de tres huevos, que varían en tamaño (el tercero es el menor) y eclosionan asincrónicamente. Estos patrones de sexo, tamaño del huevo y orden de eclosión generan diferencias sustanciales en el tamaño de los pollos dentro de la pollada, los que a su vez interaccionan con la provisión de alimento de los progenitores influyendo la supervivencia de cada pollo. La capacidad de proveer alimento dependerá de la calidad parental y de las condiciones ambientales, las cuales suelen disminuir a lo largo de la estación reproductora. En consecuencia, la composición óptima de la pollada probablemente varía en cada estación. Una vez identificado de sexo de los pollos mediante técnicas moleculares, encontramos que el sexo de la progenie estuvo influenciado por la interacción entre la fecha de eclosión y el orden de eclosión, de modo que la proporción de machos en los huevos eclosionados en tercer lugar incrementó inicialmente y luego disminuyó al final de la estación.

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 871-874 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzanne R. Edmunds ◽  
C. Davison Ankney

The sex of 306 Mourning Dove (Zenaida macroura) chicks from 153 two-egg clutches laid during March–August 1984 was determined by gonadal inspection. Sex of offspring was unrelated to egg sequence over the entire breeding season. There was, however, a seasonal effect on the sex versus egg sequence pattern, particularly in broods with both sexes: during the middle of the breeding season males predominated in first eggs and females in second eggs but this pattern was reversed late in the season. All other comparisons, i.e., overall sex ratio, seasonal changes in sex ratio, binomial distribution of family types, and the relation between egg size and offspring sex, were nonsignificant.


2003 ◽  
Vol 81 (5) ◽  
pp. 905-910 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meritxell Genovart ◽  
Lluís Jover ◽  
Xavier Ruiz ◽  
Daniel Oro

At the Ebro River delta colony in the western Mediterranean Sea, Audouin's gull, Larus audouinii, breeds in discrete aggregations called subcolonies, which showed strong differences in breeding parameters such as egg volume or breeding success. Egg parameters (such as size of both eggs and clutches) are strongly influenced by food availability. As all subcolonies are in the same area, differences in egg parameters might reflect different individuals' foraging efficiency. We measured mean clutch volumes in different subcolonies and chose those subcolonies that showed the greatest differences in this measure, which should indicate differences in parental body condition. Between these subcolonies we would expect, in turn, differences in offspring sex ratios. We took blood samples at hatching and fledging from chicks at these subcolonies and compared offspring sex ratios by means of molecular sexing. The proportions of young breeders differed between these subcolonies, and the subcolony with the greater proportion of young breeders produced smaller eggs and had lower breeding success. However, we did not detect any bias in progeny sex ratio, which probably indicates that if parental condition is not extremely reduced, selective pressures are insufficient to overcome the constraints imposed by Mendelian segregation of chromosomes.


2009 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomohiro Deguchi ◽  
Akihiko Wada ◽  
Yutaka Watanuki ◽  
Yuichi Osa

Ethology ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 112 (6) ◽  
pp. 554-563 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Leitner ◽  
Rupert C. Marshall ◽  
Bernd Leisler ◽  
Clive K. Catchpole

2009 ◽  
Vol 19 (13) ◽  
pp. 1102-1105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajkumar S. Radder ◽  
David A. Pike ◽  
Alexander E. Quinn ◽  
Richard Shine
Keyword(s):  
Egg Size ◽  

1980 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 479-487 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. N. Levine ◽  
D. W. Schindler

Seasonal changes in the concentration and dynamics of phosphate–phosphorus were studied in two small lakes, one oligotrophic and one artificially eutrophied. Because the molybdate blue phosphate technique frequently overestimates phosphate concentrations, three radiochemical assays were used. One, involving sephadex fractionation, was unsatisfactory because of the long period required for high molecular weight phosphorus fractions to reach isotopic equilibrium. The second method was unusable both for epilimnion waters within the Experimental Lakes Area, because of its low sensitivity, and for hypolimnion waters, due to interference from nonphosphate compounds. The third method, Rigler's bioassay, indicated that PO4-P in both lakes seldom exceeded 0.1 μg∙L−1, even under anoxic conditions. Organisms, and not mineral reactions, appeared to regulate the phosphate concentration at all depths in the lakes.Key words: phosphorus dynamics, orthophosphate


2000 ◽  
Vol 78 (6) ◽  
pp. 967-973 ◽  
Author(s):  
T S Risch ◽  
F C Rohwer

We performed a clutch-transfer experiment with herring gulls (Larus argentatus) to quantify how parental attributes and egg size affect chick growth and survival. The quality of parents was assessed by their average egg mass. There was no association between hatching success and egg mass in either unmanipulated or experimental nests. Among experimental treatments, the high-quality parents had a significantly higher chick survival rate than low-quality parents in 1991 and when data from 1990 and 1991 were pooled. A positive effect of egg size on chick survival was apparent only when data from both years were pooled. Chicks raised by high-quality parents had higher structural growth rates (tarsus) than chicks raised by low-quality parents. We discount the likelihood for selection of larger eggs because egg size has trade-offs with other life-history traits that have a strong influence on fitness. Despite the correlation between parental quality and chick survival, we doubt that there is character displacement for greater parental quality. Parental quality is probably affected by nutrition and is expected to have low heritability.


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