scholarly journals Trophic Relations of the Red-Necked Grebe on Lakes in the Western Boreal Forest: A Stable-Isotope Analysis

The Condor ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 106 (3) ◽  
pp. 638-651 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia A. Paszkowski ◽  
Beverly A. Gingras ◽  
Kayedon Wilcox ◽  
Paul H. Klatt ◽  
William M. Tonn

Abstract We compared trophic ecology of grebes inferred from stable-isotope analysis to that from gut contents, and compared isotopic ratios of Red-necked Grebes (Podiceps grisegena) from lakes differing in their food webs. Analyses of different grebe tissues (egg yolk and albumen, pectoral and leg muscle, breast and primary feathers) also allowed us to assess the effectiveness of these tissues at representing grebe trophic relations. Isotopic ratios from pectoral and leg muscles were similar, based on comparisons within individual birds. Enriched values of δ15N and δ13C suggested that breast and primary feathers were molted over winter, and therefore reflected a marine food web. Albumen and yolk of grebe eggs and muscle tissues from downy chicks, however, matched isotopic characteristics of the local food web, indicating that female Red-necked Grebes use nutrients from the breeding lake for egg formation. Eggs, therefore, can provide excellent material for isotopic analysis aimed at assessing trophic relations of Red-necked Grebes on breeding lakes. Gut contents and stable isotopes both indicated that grebes from lakes with fish consumed a mixed diet of fish and macroinvertebrates and occupied the highest trophic level, at or above the level of piscivorous fishes. In contrast, grebes from lakes lacking fish occupied a lower trophic position. Relaciones Tróficas de Podiceps grisegena en Lagos del Bosque Boreal del Oeste: Un Análisis de Isótopos Estables Resumen. Comparamos la ecología trófica de Podiceps inferida a partir de análisis de isótopos estables con la de contenidos estomacales y comparamos las relaciones isotópicas de P. grisegena entre lagos que difieren en sus redes tróficas. Los análisis de diferentes tejidos de P. grisegena (yema y albumen del huevo, músculo pectoral y de la pierna, plumas del pecho y primarias) también nos permitieron evaluar la efectividad de estos tejidos para representar las relaciones tróficas de P. grisegena. Las relaciones isotópicas de los músculos pectorales y de las piernas basadas en comparaciones realizadas para cada ave individual fueron similares. Valores enriquecidos de δ15N y δ13C sugirieron que las aves mudaron las plumas del pecho y las primarias durante el invierno, y por lo tanto reflejaron una red trófica marina. El albumen y la yema del huevo de P. grisegena y los tejidos musculares de pichones emplumados, sin embargo, coincidieron con las características isotópicas de la red alimenticia local, indicando que las hembras de P. grisegena usan nutrientes del lago donde nidifican para la formación de los huevos. Los huevos, por lo tanto, pueden constituir un material excelente para análisis isotópicos centrados en evaluar las relaciones tróficas de P. grisegena en los lagos donde se reproducen. Los contenidos estomacales y los isótopos estables indicaron que los individuos de P. grisegena provenientes de lagos con peces consumieron una dieta mixta de peces y macroinvertebrados y ocuparon la posición trófica más alta, al mismo nivel o por arriba de los peces piscívoros. En contraste, los individuos provenientes de lagos sin peces ocuparon una posición trófica menor.

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rigoberto Rosas-Luis ◽  
Nancy Cabanillas-Terán ◽  
Carmen A. Villegas-Sánchez

Abstract Kajikia audax, Thunnus albacares, Katsuwonus pelamis, and Auxis spp. occupy high and middle-level trophic positions in the food web. They represent important sources for fisheries in Ecuador. Despite their ecological and economic importance, studies on pelagic species in Ecuador are scarce. This study uses stable isotope analysis to assess the trophic ecology of these species, and to determine the contribution of prey to the predator tissue. Isotope data was used to test the hypothesis that medium-sized pelagic fish species have higher δ15N values than those of the prey they consumed, and that there is no overlap between their δ13C and δ15N values. Results showed higher δ15N values for K. audax, followed by T. albacares, Auxis spp. and K. pelamis, which indicates that the highest position in this food web is occupied by K. audax. The stable isotope Bayesian ellipses demonstrated that on a long time-scale, these species do not compete for food sources. Moreover, δ15N values were different between species and they decreased with a decrease in predator size.


2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fanyu Zhou ◽  
Junya Hirai ◽  
Koji Hamasaki ◽  
Sachiko Horii ◽  
Atsushi Tsuda

Euphausiids are abundant micronekton and important links between higher and lower trophic levels in marine ecosystems; however, their detailed diets cannot be fully understood by conventional microscopy, especially in subtropical areas. Here, we report the euphausiid community structure in the California Current (CC) area and the eastern/western North Pacific subtropical gyre (ESG and WSG) and detail the feeding ecology of the dominant species (Euphausia pacifica, E. brevis, and E. hemigibba) in each region using a combined approach of gut content analysis via 18S V9 metabarcoding and stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis. A pronounced omnivorous feeding of all studied euphausiid species was supported by both methods: phytoplanktonic taxonomic groups (Dinophyta, Stramenopiles, and Archaeplastida), Copepoda, and Hydrozoa were detected in the gut contents; all the three euphausiid species displayed an intermediate trophic position between the net plankton (0.2–1.0 mm) and the myctophid fish (15.2–85.5 mm). However, Hydrozoa found in euphausiid gut contents likely derived from a potential cod-end feeding, based on isotope analysis. E. pacifica in the CC province ingested more autotrophic prey, including pelagophyte and green algae, due to a greater abundance of Stramenopiles and Archaeplastida in shallow layers of CC water. On the other hand, non-autotrophic prey such as mixotrophic Kareniaceae dinoflagellates, Pontellidae and Clausocalanidae copepods, and Sphaerozoidae rhizarian contributed more to the diets of E. brevis and E. hemigibba because of a lower chlorophyll a concentration or potentially a scarcity of autotrophic prey availability in ESG and WSG. The feeding patterns of dominant euphausiid species conducting filter feeding were thus largely determined by phytoplankton prey availability in the environments. Dietary difference across three species was also indicated by stable isotope analysis, with a lower mean trophic level of E. pacifica (2.32) than E. brevis (2.48) and E. hemigibba (2.57). These results verify direct trophic interactions between euphausiids and primary production and suggest that the omnivorous feeding habit is a favorable character for dominant Euphausia species.


1996 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 654-660 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter M. Jarman ◽  
Keith A. Hobson ◽  
William J. Sydeman ◽  
Corinne E. Bacon ◽  
Elizabeth B. McLaren

PeerJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e6968 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Pizarro ◽  
Felipe Docmac ◽  
Chris Harrod

Background Small fishes play fundamental roles in pelagic ecosystems, channelling energy and nutrients from primary producers to higher trophic levels. They support globally important fisheries in eastern boundary current ecosystems like the Humboldt Current System (HCS) of the SE Pacific (Chile and Peru), where fish catches are the highest in the world (per unit area). This production is associated with coastal upwelling where fisheries target small pelagic fishes including the Peruvian anchovy (Engraulis ringens). The elevated biomass attained by small pelagics is thought to reflect their low trophic position in short/simple food chains. Despite their global importance, large gaps exist in our understanding of the basic ecology of these resources. For instance, there is an ongoing debate regarding the relative importance of phytoplankton versus animal prey in anchovy diet, and ecosystem models typically assign them a trophic position (TP) of ∼2, assuming they largely consume phytoplankton. Recent work based on both relative energetic content and stable isotope analysis (SIA) suggests that this value is too low, with δ15N values indicating that anchovy TP is ca. 3.5 in the Peruvian HCS. Methods We characterised the trophic ecology of adult anchovies (n = 30), their putative prey and carnivorous jack mackerel (n = 20) captured from N Chile. SIA (δ13C and δ15N) was used to estimate the relative contribution of different putative prey resources. δ15N was used to estimate population level trophic position. Results Anchovies showed little variability in δ13C (−18.7 to −16.1‰) but varied greatly in δ15N (13.8 to 22.8‰)—individuals formed two groups with low or high δ15N values. When considered as a single group, mixing models indicated that anchovy diet was largely composed of zooplankton (median contribution: 95% credibility limits), with major contributions of crustacean larvae (0.61: 0.37–0.77) and anchovy (preflexion) larvae (0.15: 0.02–0.34), and the assimilation of phytoplankton was negligible (0.05: 0–0.22). The modal (95% credibility limits) estimate of TP for the pooled anchovy sample was 3.23 (2.93–3.58), overlapping with recent SIA-based estimates from Peru. When the two δ15N groups were analysed separately, our results indicate that the lower δ15N group largely assimilated materials from crustacean larvae (0.73: 0.42–0.88), with a TP of 2.91 (2.62–3.23). Mixing models suggested high δ15N anchovies were cannibalistic, consuming anchovy preflexion larvae (0.55: 0.11–0.74). A carnivorous trophic niche was supported by high TP (3.79: 3.48–4.16), mirroring that of carnivorous juvenile jack mackerel (Trachurus murphyi; 3.80: 3.51–4.14). Our results support recent conclusions regarding high TP values of anchovy from Peru and reveal new insights into their trophic behaviour. These results also highlight the existence of cryptic trophic complexity and ecosystem function in pelagic food webs, classically considered as simple.


2019 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric L. Bruestle ◽  
Curtis Karboski ◽  
Anna Hussey ◽  
Aaron T. Fisk ◽  
Knut Mehler ◽  
...  

Lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) were once abundantly distributed throughout the Laurentian Great Lakes. However, widespread overharvesting and habitat degradation has diminished their numbers. The lower Niagara River contains one of the few remnant lake sturgeon populations in New York State. This study determined the diet of adult lake sturgeon and quantified their trophic position in a food web dominated by non-native species. Stomach content analysis assessed recent diet, and stable isotope analysis (δ15N and δ13C) of blood and fin tissue quantified trophic position and carbon source over varying time scales. Two non-native species dominated the diet of lake sturgeon — the amphipod Echinogammarus ischnus (62% by number) and the round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) (44% by mass). Stable isotope analysis revealed that round goby was the primary contributor to the long-term (i.e., fin) average diet, whereas short-term (i.e., blood) diet was more diverse. In contrast with findings from other systems, we found that adult lake sturgeon in the lower Niagara River were primarily piscivorous, actively targeting live fish prey. The recovery of this population is potentially supported by the high availability of energetically rich but non-native food resources.


2009 ◽  
Vol 66 (12) ◽  
pp. 2118-2129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie N. Schmidt ◽  
M. Jake Vander Zanden ◽  
James F. Kitchell

Restoration and rehabilitation of native species in the Laurentian Great Lakes is a priority for fisheries management agencies. Restoration efforts are increasingly incorporating a perspective that considers species within a broader food web context. We used stable isotope analysis and museum-preserved specimens to describe and quantify 100 years of food web changes in the Lake Superior fish community. We validated stable isotope analysis of museum specimens by showing a positive correlation between isotope- and diet-based estimates of trophic position. While introductions have created a more trophically diverse food web than historically found in Lake Superior, two separate metrics revealed little community-wide change in the food web. Our species-specific analysis revealed trophic niche differences between shortjaw ( Coregonus zenithicus ) and shortnose ( Coregonus reighardi ) ciscoes, two species previously argued to be indistinguishable based on morphological characteristics. By providing a historical context, our findings show the ability of the Lake Superior food web to accommodate non-native species introductions over the last century while still supporting native species populations. This long-term information about food web structure can help guide management and restoration goals in Lake Superior. Furthermore, Lake Superior can serve as a basis for comparing food web changes in other, more highly altered Great Lakes.


2020 ◽  
Vol 103 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-162
Author(s):  
Jonathan C. P. Reum ◽  
Gregory D. Williams ◽  
Chris J. Harvey ◽  
Kelly S. Andrews ◽  
Phillip S. Levin

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