scholarly journals Temperature alters the physiological response of spiny lobsters under predation risk

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Felipe A Briceño ◽  
Quinn P Fitzgibbon ◽  
Elias T Polymeropoulos ◽  
Iván A Hinojosa ◽  
Gretta T Pecl
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Predation Risk ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Environmental Drivers ◽  
Climate Change Scenarios ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Energetic Costs ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Predator Prey Model ◽  
Spiny Lobsters

Abstract Predation risk can strongly shape prey ecological traits, with specific anti-predator responses displayed to reduce encounters with predators. Key environmental drivers, such as temperature, can profoundly modulate prey energetic costs in ectotherms, although we currently lack knowledge of how both temperature and predation risk can challenge prey physiology and ecology. Such uncertainties in predator–prey interactions are particularly relevant for marine regions experiencing rapid environmental changes due to climate change. Using the octopus (Octopus maorum)–spiny lobster (Jasus edwardsii) interaction as a predator–prey model, we examined different metabolic traits of sub adult spiny lobsters under predation risk in combination with two thermal scenarios: ‘current’ (20°C) and ‘warming’ (23°C), based on projections of sea-surface temperature under climate change. We examined lobster standard metabolic rates to define the energetic requirements at specific temperatures. Routine metabolic rates (RMRs) within a respirometer were used as a proxy of lobster activity during night and day time, and active metabolic rates, aerobic scope and excess post-exercise oxygen consumption were used to assess the energetic costs associated with escape responses (i.e. tail-flipping) in both thermal scenarios. Lobster standard metabolic rate increased at 23°C, suggesting an elevated energetic requirement (39%) compared to 20°C. Unthreatened lobsters displayed a strong circadian pattern in RMR with higher rates during the night compared with the day, which were strongly magnified at 23°C. Once exposed to predation risk, lobsters at 20°C quickly reduced their RMR by ~29%, suggesting an immobility or ‘freezing’ response to avoid predators. Conversely, lobsters acclimated to 23°C did not display such an anti-predator response. These findings suggest that warmer temperatures may induce a change to the typical immobility predation risk response of lobsters. It is hypothesized that heightened energetic maintenance requirements at higher temperatures may act to override the normal predator-risk responses under climate-change scenarios.

scholarly journals Macrofaunal diversity gradients in Antarctic rocky benthic communities: Effects of glaciers and depth

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Miguel Pardo ◽  
Ignacio Garrido ◽  
Paulina Bruning ◽  
Charlotte Carrier ◽  
Rossana Reveco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Species Diversity ◽  
Salinity Tolerance ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Anthropogenic Impacts ◽  
Benthic Communities ◽  
Future Climate Change ◽  
Climate Change Scenarios ◽  
Rocky Subtidal ◽  
Diversity Gradients

Western Antarctic shows one of the fastest responses to climate change on Earth. Glacier meltdown and freshening are perhaps the most conspicuous evidence of anthropogenic impacts, that together with ice scouring can strongly modify benthic communities. The spatial extension of these impacts has been rarely explored in rocky subtidal environments. This study describes changes in benthic communities across glacier and bathymetric gradient in Fildes Bay, Antarctica. Suction samples were taken from four sites at increasing distance from the Collin glacier (0 - 2.5 – 5 - 7 km) and three depths (5 – 10 - 15 m). Macrofaunal diversity increased with depth across all distances from the glacier; these changes were associated with the increase in diversity of amphipods and echinoderms. The lowest and highest species diversity occurred at zero and two km from the glacier, indicating a strong, but localized, glacier effect. Variation in salinity tolerance and the abundance of key habitat forming algae could explain the spatial variation in these communities. This result remarks the importance of facilitation as a structuring force in Antarctic benthic communities. We suggest that the fate of communities in future climate-change scenarios will depend on how habitat-forming species respond to these environmental changes.

Climate-mediated changes in predator–prey interactions in the fossil record: a case study using shell-drilling gastropods from the Pleistocene Japan Sea

Paleobiology ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomoki Chiba ◽  
Shin’ichi Sato
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Japan Sea ◽  
Warm Water ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Water Shell ◽  
Long Timescales ◽  
Molluscan Species

AbstractPaleoecological studies enhance our understanding of biotic responses to climate change because they consider long timescales not accessible through observational and experimental studies. Using predatory drillholes produced on fossil bivalve shells by carnivorous gastropods, we provide an example of how climate change affected predator–prey interactions. We quantitatively examine temporal changes in fossil molluscan assemblages and predation patterns from the Pleistocene Japan Sea, which experienced drastic environmental changes in relation to glacial–interglacial climate cycles. We found significant changes in predation patterns associated with a decline in the abundance of warm-water molluscan species. Climate-mediated fluctuations in the eustatic sea level and resultant weakening of the Tsushima Warm Current caused a decline in a warm-water shell-drilling predator, which moderated the predation pressure and size relationship between the predators and the bivalve prey. Our results indicate that climate-mediated range shifts of species in present-day and future marine ecosystems can likewise increase altered predator–prey interactions.

scholarly journals Importance of Protection Service Against Erosion and Storm Events Provided by Coastal Ecosystems Under Climate Change Scenarios

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacinto Cunha ◽  
Fábio Santos Cardona ◽  
Ana Bio ◽  
Sandra Ramos
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Extreme Events ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Climate Change Scenarios ◽  
Northern Coast ◽  
Storm Events ◽  
Property Damage ◽  
Natural Habitats ◽  
Coastal Habitats ◽  
Trade Offs

Increasing sea level rise (SLR), and frequency and intensity of storms, paired with degrading ecosystems, are exposing coastal areas to higher risks of damage by storm events. Coastal natural habitats, such as dunes or saltmarshes, can reduce exposure of coastlines to these events and help to reduce the impacts and the potential damage to coastal property. The goal of our study was to evaluate the current vulnerability of the Portuguese northern coast to erosion and flooding caused by extreme events and to assess the contribution of natural habitats in reducing both vulnerability and property damages considering SLR scenarios. The Integrated Valuation of Environmental Services and Trade-offs (InVEST) Coastal Vulnerability model was used to produce an Exposure Index (EI) for the northern Portuguese coastline, for the current situation, and for future International Panel for Climate Change (IPCC) scenarios Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5, considering the presence and absence of coastal habitats. Results showed an increase in exposure with rising sea levels and expansion of high vulnerability areas. Coastal habitats contributed to a 28% reduction of high exposed segments for the Current scenario, corresponding to a potential reduction of coastal property damage of 105 M€ during extreme events. For the SLR scenarios, coastal habitats could potentially reduce the amount of property damage by 190 M€ in 2050 and 285 M€ in 2100, considering RCP8.5 projections. This study highlighted the importance of natural habitats in protecting vulnerable coastlines and reducing the potential damages to properties from flooding. Such results can be incorporated in management plans and support decision-making toward implementing an ecosystem-based approach to increase the resilience of coastal communities to cope with future environmental changes.

scholarly journals Legacy effects from historical environmental changes dominate future terrestrial carbon uptake

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Krause ◽  
Almut Arneth ◽  
Anja Rammig
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Carbon Cycling ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Carbon Accumulation ◽  
Environmental Drivers ◽  
Carbon Uptake ◽  
Legacy Effects ◽  
Terrestrial Carbon ◽  
Dynamic Global Vegetation Model ◽  
Wood Harvest

<p>The carbon balance of terrestrial ecosystems is determined by environmental drivers (chiefly related to climate and land use) which interact with each other and change over time. In particular, ecosystems are presently still affected by past environmental changes because they have not yet reached equilibrium with their environment. However, the magnitude and drivers of this legacy effect for the upcoming decades are still unclear. Here, we use the dynamic global vegetation model LPJ-GUESS to calculate the effects of historical (1850-2015) and future (2015-2099, exemplarily for the high emission/moderate deforestation scenario SSP5-8.5) environmental changes on historical and future terrestrial carbon cycling and to quantify the contributions of the following environmental drivers: climate change, CO<sub>2 </sub>fertilization, agricultural expansion, shifting cultivation frequency, wood harvest, nitrogen deposition, and nitrogen fertilization.</p><p>According to our simulations, the land represented a cumulative net carbon source (-154 GtC) over the historical period mainly due to deforestation, wood harvest, and negative climate change impacts partly offset by carbon uptake via increased CO<sub>2</sub> levels and nitrogen input. In contrast, the land is simulated to act as a net carbon sink (+118 GtC) over the 21<sup>st</sup> century. This is mostly a result of historical environmental changes as ecosystems still adapt to present-day CO<sub>2</sub> and nitrogen availability as well as long-term vegetation regrowth following agricultural abandonment and wood harvest. The net impact of future environmental changes on future carbon cycling is much smaller because effects from individual environmental drivers largely compensate. Historical environmental changes dominate future terrestrial carbon cycling at least until mid-century when legacy effects gradually diminish and future environmental changes start to trigger carbon accumulation. Our results suggest that legacy effects persist even many decades after environmental changes occurred and need to be considered when interpreting alterations of the terrestrial carbon cycle.</p>

scholarly journals Announcing Big-Bee: An initiative to promote understanding of bees through image and trait digitization

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katja Seltmann ◽  
Julie Allen ◽  
Brian Brown ◽  
Adrian Carper ◽  
Michael Engel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Natural History ◽  
Data Science ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Biotic Interactions ◽  
Natural World ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Climate Change Scenarios ◽  
Species Association ◽  
Image Datasets

While bees are critical to sustaining a large proportion of global food production, as well as pollinating both wild and cultivated plants, they are decreasing in both numbers and diversity. Our understanding of the factors driving these declines is limited, in part, because we lack sufficient data on the distribution of bee species to predict changes in their geographic range under climate change scenarios. Additionally lacking is adequate data on the behavioral and anatomical traits that may make bees either vulnerable or resilient to human-induced environmental changes, such as habitat loss and climate change. Fortunately, a wealth of associated attributes can be extracted from the specimens deposited in natural history collections for over 100 years. Extending Anthophila Research Through Image and Trait Digitization (Big-Bee) is a newly funded US National Science Foundation Advancing Digitization of Biodiversity Collections project. Over the course of three years, we will create over one million high-resolution 2D and 3D images of bee specimens (Fig. 1), representing over 5,000 worldwide bee species, including most of the major pollinating species. We will also develop tools to measure bee traits from images and generate comprehensive bee trait and image datasets to measure changes through time. The Big-Bee network of participating institutions includes 13 US institutions (Fig. 2) and partnerships with US government agencies. We will develop novel mechanisms for sharing image datasets and datasets of bee traits that will be available through an open, Symbiota-Light (Gilbert et al. 2020) data portal called the Bee Library. In addition, biotic interaction and species association data will be shared via Global Biotic Interactions (Poelen et al. 2014). The Big-Bee project will engage the public in research through community science via crowdsourcing trait measurements and data transcription from images using Notes from Nature (Hill et al. 2012). Training and professional development for natural history collection staff, researchers, and university students in data science will be provided through the creation and implementation of workshops focusing on bee traits and species identification. We are also planning a short, artistic college radio segment called "the Buzz" to get people excited about bees, biodiversity, and the wonders of our natural world.

People and nature in the Fuerteventura Biosphere Reserve (Canary Islands): socio-ecological relationships under climate change

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARÍA F. SCHMITZ ◽  
CECILIA ARNAIZ-SCHMITZ ◽  
CRISTINA HERRERO-JÁUREGUI ◽  
PABLO DÍAZ ◽  
DANIELA G.G. MATOS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Canary Islands ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Biosphere Reserve ◽  
Quantitative Model ◽  
Climate Change Scenarios ◽  
Adaptation To Climate Change ◽  
Intergovernmental Panel ◽  
Ecological Relationships ◽  
Potential Interactions

SUMMARYThis paper analyses the interdependence between environment and society in terms of socio-ecological webs, in which human and biophysical systems are linked. A quantitative model, based on canonical correlation analysis applied in Fuerteventura Island (Canary Archipelago), detected indicators of human–landscape relationships and predicted potential shifts based on simulated environmental changes. In the last few decades, the landscape of Fuerteventura Island has changed: natural components and cultural agrarian uses have decreased, while the population has increased due to immigration, mainly from mainland Spain and other European countries. The island shows a transition from a coupled local socio-ecosystem to one based on the interaction between environment and coastal tourism that decouples native inhabitants from the landscape and traditional land-use practices. As vulnerability and adaptation to climate change represent critical sets of potential interactions in Canary Islands, a model and a map of the socio-ecological system under four Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change scenarios show rural decoupling through ‘deagrarianization’ and ‘deruralization’, as well as stronger links to the tourism system.

scholarly journals Effect of climate change on long-term river geometric variation in Andong Dam watershed, Korea

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jong Mun Lee ◽  
Jungkyu Ahn ◽  
Young Do Kim ◽  
Boosik Kang
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
River Regulation ◽  
Large River ◽  
Future Climate Change ◽  
Climate Change Scenarios ◽  
Output Analysis ◽  
Integrated Method ◽  
Geometric Variation

Abstract Because of multifunctional weirs installed as part of large river regulation works in Korea, water quality problems have arisen from environmental changes in tandem with decreased flow rates. However, there has been limited research into the green algae removal effect, water quality improvement in congested waters, dam and weir operations, and consequential riverbed changes. Studies regarding outflow in a basin, the application and development of sediment load output analysis methods, feasibility of related dam operations, and riverbed patterns have been separately performed. However, basins and rivers should be analyzed by an integrated method instead of an individual one. Therefore, in the present study, the effect of congestion on a river connected to a dam/weir and estuary bank was analyzed based on climate change scenarios HadGEM3-RA RCP 4.5 and 8.5, with the aim of integrating individual studies using watershed and river models. Flow was controlled by dam- and weir-related discharge simulations. Variations in the riverbed caused by the transfer of suspended load in the downstream region were analyzed for both long and short durations. The results of this analysis suggest that given future climate change scenarios, the width of the river and riverbed variations in the riverbed are expected to rise.

scholarly journals Impact of Climate Change on Olive Crop Production in Italy

Atmosphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 595 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabio Orlandi ◽  
Jesús Rojo ◽  
Antonio Picornell ◽  
Jose Oteros ◽  
Rosa Pérez-Badia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Climate Change Scenarios ◽  
Italian Provinces ◽  
Production Trend ◽  
Olive Pollen

The effects of climate change on agricultural systems raise important uncertainties about the future productivity and suitability of crops, especially in areas suffering from intense environmental changes. Olive groves occupy Mediterranean areas characterized by seasonal temporary droughts, which cause this cultivation to be highly dependent on local microclimatic conditions. Olive crop production can be reliably estimated using pollen intensity metrics together with post-pollination environmental conditions. In this study, we applied this kind of statistics-based models to identify the most relevant meteorological variables during the post-pollination periods for olive fruit production. Olive pollen time-series for the period of 1999–2012 was analyzed in 16 Italian provinces. Minimum and maximum temperature during spring and summer (March–August) showed a negative relationship with olive production, while precipitation always showed a positive correlation. The increase in aridity conditions observed in areas of Italy during the summer represents an important risk of decreasing olive crop production. The effect of climate change on the olive production trend is not clear because of the interactions between human and environmental factors, although some areas might show an increase in productivity in the near future under different climate change scenarios. However, as more drastic changes in temperature or precipitation take place, the risk to olive production will be considerably greater.

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