An Empirical Procedure to Evaluate Misinformation Rejection and Deception in Mediated Communication Contexts

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan S Paquin ◽  
Vanessa Boudewyns ◽  
Kevin R Betts ◽  
Mihaela Johnson ◽  
Amie C O’Donoghue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Cognitive Process ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Process Models ◽  
Persuasive Communication ◽  
Mediated Communication ◽  
Persuasive Message ◽  
Empirical Procedure ◽  
Deceptive Advertising

Abstract Although misleading health information is not a new phenomenon, no standards exist to assess consumers’ ability to detect and subsequently reject misinformation. Part of this deficit reflects theoretical and measurement challenges. After drawing novel connections among legal, regulatory, and philosophical perspectives on false, misleading or deceptive advertising and cognitive-process models of persuasive communication, we define deception and misinformation rejection. Recognizing that individuals can hold beliefs that align with a persuasive message without those beliefs having been influenced by it, we derive empirical criteria to test for evidence of these constructs that center on yielding or not yielding to misinformation in mediated contexts. We present data from an experimental study to illustrate the proposed test procedure and provide evidence for two theoretically derived patterns indicative of misinformation rejection. The resulting definitions and empirical procedure set the stage for additional theorizing and empirical studies on misinformation in the marketplace.

Effects of the Binding Communication Paradigm on Attitudes

2012 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 227-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabienne Michelik ◽  
Fabien Girandola ◽  
Robert-Vincent Joule ◽  
Amandine Zbinden ◽  
Lionel Souchet
Keyword(s):  
Persuasive Communication ◽  
Favorable Attitude ◽  
Persuasive Message ◽  
Communication Paradigm ◽  
Communication Condition ◽  
Communication Approach

The binding communication approach is situated at the intersection of research on persuasive communication and commitment. Binding communication refers to the combination of a preparatory act involving commitment and a persuasive message. Two studies showed that differences in attitudes toward recycling (Study 1) or swimming (Study 2) are more likely to occur following a persuasive message combined with a preparatory act involving commitment (i.e., binding communication) as compared to either technique alone. Specifically, in Study 1 we observed a more favorable attitude toward recycling in the binding communication condition compared to the conditions involving only a preparatory act involving commitment or only a persuasive message. In Study 2, we replicated the results of Study 1 and examined the effect on attitudes of performing a preparatory act with a strong versus weak level of commitment when this was preceded versus not preceded by a persuasive message.

scholarly journals Silent Hands: A Leader’s Ability to Create Nonverbal Immediacy

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Talley ◽  
Samuel R Temple
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Nonverbal Behavior ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Nonverbal Immediacy ◽  
Hand Gestures ◽  
Core Element ◽  
Leaders And Followers ◽  
Independent Variable ◽  
Study Participants

Nonverbal immediacy is a core element of a leader’s ability to lead followers. Nevertheless, there are no empirical studies regarding a link between a leader’s hand gestures and followers’ perceptions of immediacy (attraction to someone) or nonimmediacy (distancing). Guided by Mehrabian’s theory of nonverbal behavior, this study included one independent variable segmented into seven levels (positive hand gestures defined as community hand, humility hands, and steepling hands; three defensive gestures, defined as hands in pocket, arms crossed over chest, and hands behind back; and neutral/no hand gestures) to test for immediacy or nonimmediacy. In this experimental study, participants (<em>n </em>= 300; male = 164; female = 143) were shown one of seven pictures of a leader. Four hypotheses were tested for main and interactional effects and all were supported by the results. Immediate communication received strong support, meaning immediacy on the part of a leader is likely to lead to increased emotional connection to achieve desirable outcomes. This study advances theory from previous research that specific hand gestures are more effective than others at creating immediacy between leaders and followers.

scholarly journals Should I stay or should I go? Evidence accumulation drives decision making in human drivers

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arkady Zgonnikov ◽  
David Abbink ◽  
Gustav Markkula
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Cognitive Process ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Process Models ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Naturalistic Decision Making ◽  
Dynamic Constraints ◽  
Evidence Accumulation ◽  
Out Of Sample

Laboratory studies of abstract, highly controlled tasks point towards noisy evidence accumulation as a key mechanism governing decision making. Yet it is unclear whether the cognitive processes implicated in simple, isolated decisions in the lab are as paramount to decisions that are ingrained in more complex behaviors, such as driving. Here we aim to address the gap between modern cognitive models of decision making and studies of naturalistic decision making in drivers, which so far have provided only limited insight into the underlying cognitive processes. We investigate drivers' decision making during unprotected left turns, and model the cognitive process driving these decisions. Our model builds on the classical drift-diffusion model, and emphasizes, first, the drift rate linked to the relevant perceptual quantities dynamically sampled from the environment, and, second, collapsing decision boundaries reflecting the dynamic constraints imposed on the decision maker’s response by the environment. We show that the model explains the observed decision outcomes and response times, as well as substantial individual differences in those. Through cross-validation, we demonstrate that the model not only explains the data, but also generalizes to out-of-sample conditions, effectively providing a way to predict human drivers’ behavior in real time. Our results reveal the cognitive mechanisms of gap acceptance decisions in human drivers, and exemplify how simple cognitive process models can help us to understand human behavior in complex real-world tasks.

Buckling of Externally Pressurised Prolate Ellipsoidal Domes

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Smith ◽  
J. Blachut
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
External Pressure ◽  
Design Codes ◽  
Numerical Predictions ◽  
Current Design ◽  
Section Viii ◽  
Base Radius ◽  
Division 2 ◽  
Prolate Ellipsoidal

Details are given of a numerical and experimental study into buckling of steel ellipsoidal domes loaded by static external pressure. A range of geometries and thicknesses of domes is examined, as is the influence of different boundary conditions. Shells are examined on the basis of having the same mass. The main focus of the study is on prolate domes, i.e., those taller than a hemisphere of the same base radius. Numerical predictions are confirmed by pressurising six laboratory scale prolate domes to destruction. Details are given of the manufacture and test procedure for the domes. The adverse effects of variations in shape, and wall thickness are discussed, and FE predictions are made for geometrically imperfect domes. Correlation between the two sets of results is good. Numerical and experimentally obtained results are related to the current design codes: ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Division 2 (described hereon as ASME VIII), PD5500, and ECCS recommendations [1–3], which at present make no provision for prolate domes. Suggestions are made for the possible inclusion of such domes into the standards.

scholarly journals A Framework for Building Cognitive Process Models

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jana Bianca Jarecki ◽  
Jolene Tan ◽  
Mirjam Jenny
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Process ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Process Models ◽  
Four Dimensions ◽  
Information Transformation ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Mental Events ◽  
Specific Modeling ◽  
Reverse Inference

The term process model is widely used but rarely agreed upon. This paper proposes a framework for characterizing and building cognitive process models. Process models model not only inputs and outputs but also model the ongoing information transformations at a given level of abstraction. We argue that four dimensions characterize process models: They specify intermediate stages containing the hypothesized mental information processing. They make predictions not only for the behavior of interest but also for process-related variables. Third, the models’ process predictions can be derived from the input without reverse inference from the output data. Fourth, the presumed information transformation steps are not contradicting current knowledge of human cognitive capacities. Finally, process models require a conceptual scope specifying what the model refers to, that is, the information entering the mind, the proposed mental events, and the behavior of interest. This framework can be used for refining models before testing them or after testing them empirically, and it does not rely on specific modeling paradigms. It can be a guideline for developing cognitive process models. Moreover, the framework can advance currently unresolved debates about which models belong to the category of process models.

scholarly journals A particle swarm optimization approach for tuning of SISO PID control loops

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Nelendran Pillay
Keyword(s):  
Particle Swarm Optimization ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Particle Swarm ◽  
Process Models ◽  
Linear Control Systems ◽  
Optimization Approach ◽  
Real Time Control ◽  
Swarm Optimization ◽  
Control Loops ◽  
Wide Range

Linear control systems can be easily tuned using classical tuning techniques such as the Ziegler-Nichols and Cohen-Coon tuning formulae. Empirical studies have found that these conventional tuning methods result in an unsatisfactory control performance when they are used for processes experiencing the negative destabilizing effects of strong nonlinearities. It is for this reason that control practitioners often prefer to tune most nonlinear systems using trial and error tuning, or intuitive tuning. A need therefore exists for the development of a suitable tuning technique that is applicable for a wide range of control loops that do not respond satisfactorily to conventional tuning. Emerging technologies such as Swarm Intelligence (SI) have been utilized to solve many non-linear engineering problems. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), developed by Eberhart and Kennedy (1995), is a sub-field of SI and was inspired by swarming patterns occurring in nature such as flocking birds. It was observed that each individual exchanges previous experience, hence knowledge of the “best position” attained by an individual becomes globally known. In the study, the problem of identifying the PID controller parameters is considered as an optimization problem. An attempt has been made to determine the PID parameters employing the PSO technique. A wide range of typical process models commonly encountered in industry is used to assess the efficacy of the PSO methodology. Comparisons are made between the PSO technique and other conventional methods using simulations and real-time control.

scholarly journals Comparative alternation in y-adjectives

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Deborah Fengyi Chua
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Morphological Structure ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
The Other ◽  
Grammatical Function ◽  
Corpus Study ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Comparative Constructions ◽  
Shed Light

<p>There are two main ways of expressing the comparative in English adjectives. One is to precede the adjectival base with more and the other is to suffix -er to the base. For the group of adjectives ending in an orthographic -y and an /i/ sound, which I call the y-adjectives, the alternation between more and -er cannot be neatly explained by structural accounts, whether predominantly synchronic or diachronic. The idea of understanding this alternation with respect to a paradigm of comparative constructions is introduced in this thesis. This paradigm comprises a multitude of more and -er constructions (including those of y-adjectives) that share the grammatical function of the comparative. The goal of this thesis is to examine to what extent the comparatives of y-adjectives can be accounted for by the comparative constructions of other members in this paradigm, in addition to a set of syntactic, morphological and phonological considerations. Two empirical studies are reported: a study of the comparative constructions in seven corpora of British comedies spanning the 17th to the 20th centuries; and an experimental study where reading times in the context of comparative y-adjective constructions were observed in a series of self-paced reading tasks. In the corpus study, the morphology of y-adjective bases is found to be a significant predictor of their comparatives. Additionally, significant correlations are found between:   • the comparatives of y-adjectives and those of the disyllabic adjectives that are not y-adjectives (to which I have given the cover term of HANDSOME adjectives);  • the comparatives of y-adjectives and those of the monosyllabic adjectives; and  • the comparatives of y-adjectives and those of adverbs that share some formal features with y-adjectives.  The experimental study furthers an investigation of comparative alternation in y-adjectives in terms of the comparatives of HANDSOME adjectives and the morphological structure of y-adjective bases. In this study, pre-to-post treatment reading is found to be facilitated in y-adjective more comparatives by an exposure to multiple instances of more constructions from the HANDSOME adjectives. The more constructions from HANDSOME adjectives are also found to reduce facilitation in reading in morphologically simple y-adjectives paired with -er. On the other hand, the -er constructions from HANDSOME adjectives are found to reduce facilitation in reading in morphologically complex y-adjectives paired with more. The studies undertaken in this work indicate two important predictors of the comparatives of y-adjectives: the comparatives of HANDSOME adjectives; and the morphological structure of y-adjective bases. The involvement of the comparatives of HANDSOME adjectives as a predictor points to the importance of a paradigm of comparatives for an understanding of the comparatives of y-adjectives. The influence of this paradigm, combined with the influence of morphology, is argued to shed light on a question motivated by the diachronic literature on what could be suppressing the susceptibility of y-adjectives to the structural motivators for particular comparatives. Additionally, the potential for interpreting some unanticipated findings in terms of theories from psychological views on language, and in ways that remain coherent with paradigmatic and morphological viewpoints, is discussed.</p>

scholarly journals Conversations across the table: shared cognition in top management teams

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marian Evans
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Process ◽  
Domain Knowledge ◽  
Cognitive Mapping ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Top Management Teams ◽  
Shared Knowledge ◽  
Top Management ◽  
Team Cognition ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Mapping Techniques

Purpose This paper aims to examine the shared mental models (SMMs) of a top management team (TMT) using an emergent perspective in conditions of uncertainty. The paper examines how a TMT conversation represents an emergent cognitive process to reach an action for future planning. Design/methodology/approach The design uses an emergent SMM approach based on a TMT discussion in an uncertain context. Cognitive mapping techniques illustrate how concepts emerge and are structured. This approach addresses the need for an alternative to aggregate mapping methods and supports the notion of team cognition as an emergent and dynamic process. Findings Findings showed that the emergence of a SMM could be elicited and represented using cognitive mapping techniques. Domain knowledge and social relationships supported the emergence of shared knowledge relevant for action on team tasks. A SMM based on team contribution and concept connectivity was identified. Research limitations/implications The study is based on data collected from a recorded discussion in a quarterly company meeting, ten days before the UK’s original planned exit date, March 2019. Originality/value This research study contributes to the SMM and team cognition literature streams by examining the TMT’s shared understanding as an emergent process. Empirical studies using cognitive mapping techniques in this context are rare.

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