Evaluation of Ground Plane Detection for Estimating Breast Height in Stereo Images

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (5) ◽  
pp. 612-622
Author(s):  
Lucas A Wells ◽  
Woodam Chung
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Error ◽  
Mean Squared Error ◽  
Ground Plane ◽  
Stem Density ◽  
Diameter Measurement ◽  
Height Measurement ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Height Estimation ◽  
Diameter At Breast Height ◽  
Breast Height

Abstract Diameter at breast height is a standard method for characterizing trees and ultimately forests over large geographical scales. Expressing the cross-section of a tree stem with a diameter measurement has inherent errors, as stems are not perfect conical frustums. Diameter suffices as an approximation, since methods for the exact cross-sectional area of a stem are infeasible in practice. There are other primary sources of error in diameter at breast height measurements: diameter measurement error and breast height measurement error. This paper addresses the latter in the context of an automated measurement system using 3D photography. We consider breast height estimation a fundamental component in such systems, as errors in measurement height can precipitate significant errors in stand-level attribute estimation as diameter changes along the height of the stem because of taper. We evaluate the efficacy of breast height estimation using stereo photogrammetry by fitting a planar surface to the ground and elevating the plane to breast height. Results from a validation test on 560 observations show that breast height can be estimated with a root mean squared error of 10.20 cm within 10 m from the camera and 13.36 cm within 20 m from the camera on flat terrain in varying levels of stem density. Study Implications Increasing the level of automation in forest operations is one approach to address workforce attrition and safety issues in the industry. Automated tree measurement and mapping systems present an opportunity to reduce operational costs by providing machine operators with necessary information to carry out silvicultural prescriptions and eliminate the need for individual tree marking in certain situations. In order to maintain trust between landowners and harvesting contractors, it is imperative that automatic measurement systems are rigorously tested to determine that measurement accuracy is within acceptable limits. Breast height measurement error is often overlooked as a source of error in estimating diameter at breast height. However, accurate breast height estimation is a necessary prerequisite for reliable, consistent, and precise diameter at breast height measurement. The capacity of machine vision systems to automate forest inventory and monitoring tasks is increasing and can help managers achieve sustainable forestry objectives on more acres in less time.

Application of a geometrical volume equation to species with different bole forms

1986 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 311-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. B. MacDonald ◽  
R. R. Forslund
Keyword(s):  
Diameter Measurement ◽  
Stem Analysis ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Centre Of Gravity ◽  
Variable Equation ◽  
Input Variables ◽  
Volume Equation ◽  
Volume Estimates ◽  
Geometrical Equation

Stem analysis of 20 Abiesbalsamea (L.) Mill., 68 Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P., 19 Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss, 31 Populustremuloides Michx., and 37 Betulapapyrifera Marsh. revealed form variation between species. A volume equation based on the paracone (a geometrical solid midway between a paraboloid and a cone) estimated individual tree volume within 10% of the true volume (at the 95% confidence level) for all species. The input variables required were total height and diameter at a relative height of 0.2 for Betulapapyrifera and 0.3 for the other four species. If breast-height diameter was used, the effect of form variation on the accuracy of volume prediction was more pronounced. In this case, the geometrical equation modified for each species according to the average centre of gravity provided more consistently accurate volume estimates than either the paracone equation or Honer's transformed variable equation. For all species, the diameter measurement position was more critical than the version of the geometrical equation selected.

Modelling survival probability of individual trees in Norway spruce stands under different thinning regimes

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kjell Karlsson ◽  
Lennart Norell
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Site Index ◽  
Stand Age ◽  
Goodness Of Fit Test ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Thinning Intensity ◽  
Diameter At Breast Height ◽  
Breast Height

The probability that an individual tree will remain in even-aged Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) stands subjected to different thinning programmes was modelled, using data from a thinning experiment established in 25 localities in southern Sweden. A logistic regression approach was used to predict the probability and the Hosmer–Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test to evaluate the fit. Diameter at breast height (DBH), quadratic mean DBH, thinning intensity, thinning quotient, basal area, number of stems per hectare, stand age, number of thinnings, and site index were used as explanatory variables. Separate analyses for stands thinned from below, stands thinned from above, and unthinned stands were performed. The modelled probability graphs for trees not being removed, plotted against their diameter at breast height, had clear S-shapes for both unthinned stands and stands thinned from below. The graph for stands thinned from above was bell-shaped.

A simplified tree bait for the mountain pine beetle

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 1108-1113 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.H. Borden ◽  
L.J. Chong ◽  
B.S. Lindgren ◽  
E.J. Begin ◽  
T.M. Ebata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Release Rate ◽  
Mountain Pine Beetle ◽  
Diameter Class ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Diameter At Breast Height ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Mountain Pine ◽  
Pine Beetle ◽  
Antiaggregation Pheromone ◽  
And Control

Seven, split-block experiments throughout British Columbia in 1989 tested the efficacy of binary tree baits containing the pheromones trans-verbenol and exo-brevicomin or ternary baits with the addition of the host tree kairomone myrcene for containing and concentrating infestations of the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonusponderosae Hopkins, in stands of lodgepole pine, Pinuscontorta var. latifolia Engelm. Attack densities on baited trees, attack frequencies of baited trees and trees within 10 m of the baited trees, and the ratios of newly attacked, green, trees to previously attacked, red, trees were generally statistically equal between sub-blocks containing binary or ternary baits. Where statistically significant differences occurred for one or more of the above criteria in one experiment, they were generally offset by statistically significant differences in the opposite direction in another experiment. Two individual-tree experiments in 1990 that supported the equality of binary and ternary baits indicated that raising the release rate of trans-verbenol in binary baits tended to reduce their efficacy (possibly because of contamination with the antiaggregation pheromone verbenone) and showed that increasing the release rate of exo-brevicomin tended to counteract this effect. When attack frequencies were subdivided by diameter class of available trees attacked, all baits were effective in inducing attack on available trees <30.0 cm diameter at breast height (1.3 m), but attack on baited and control trees ≥30 cm diameter at breast height was equal. Provided that the trans-verbenol in binary baits does not contain or autoxidize to verbenone, myrcene can be deleted from operational tree baits.

scholarly journals Allometric equations for estimating biomass of community forest tree species in Madiun, Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pandu Wirabuana ◽  
RAHMANTA SETIAHADI ◽  
RONGGO SADONO ◽  
MARTIN LUKITO ◽  
DJOKO SETYO MARTONO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Allometric Equations ◽  
Tree Biomass ◽  
Community Forest ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Community Forests ◽  
Forest Tree Species ◽  
Diameter At Breast Height ◽  
Breast Height

Abstract. Wirabuana PYAP, Setiahadi R, Sadono R, Lukito M, Martono DS, Matatula J. 2020. Allometric equations for estimating biomass of community forest tree species in Madiun, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 4291-4300. The capability of community forests for offsetting carbon emissions highly depends on their biomass production. Unfortunately, the measurement of tree biomass in community forests using a destructive method is expensive and time-consuming. It is also almost impossible to conduct this method for all trees in the observation area. Therefore, the development of allometric equations is essential to support tree biomass estimation in community forests. This study was designed to construct specific models for predicting individual tree biomass in community forests, located in Madiun, Indonesia. We destructively sampled approximately 120 trees from four different species (30 trees for each species), i.e., Falcataria moluccana, Melia azedarach, Swietenia macrophylla, and Tectona grandis. For every tree sample, the measurement of biomass was conducted in each tree’s component, namely roots, stem, branches, and leaves. The allometric equations were developed with regression analysis using predictor variables, like diameter at breast height (D), squared diameter at breast height combined with tree height (D2H), as well as D and H separately. Results found that for four species, the mean biomass in the stem was 50.3%, followed by branches 25.4%, roots 15.9%, and leaves 8.3%. The best equation for estimating biomass in every component and total of four species was different. However, our study showed that the equation lnŶ = -3.037 + 1.430 lnD + 1.684 was reliable to estimate total individual tree biomass of four species in the surveyed area since this model had accuracy of 90.8%. Referring to these findings, we recommended the utilization of an allometric equation as an alternative method for facilitating more efficient biomass measurement in the community forests.

scholarly journals Estimating Individual Tree Height and Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) from Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) Data at Plot Level

Forests ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guangjie Liu ◽  
Jinliang Wang ◽  
Pinliang Dong ◽  
Yun Chen ◽  
Zhiyuan Liu
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Terrestrial Laser Scanning ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Diameter At Breast Height ◽  
Breast Height

scholarly journals Single Tree Segmentation and Diameter at Breast Height Estimation With Mobile LiDAR

IEEE Access ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 24314-24325
Author(s):  
Lulu Liu ◽  
Aiwu Zhang ◽  
Shen Xiao ◽  
Shaoxing Hu ◽  
Nianpeng He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Height Estimation ◽  
Diameter At Breast Height ◽  
Single Tree ◽  
Breast Height

scholarly journals Allometric Equations for Estimating Aboveground Biomass of Eucalyptus urophylla S.T. Blake in East Nusa Tenggara

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-31
Author(s):  
R Sadono ◽  
◽  
W Wahyu ◽  
F Idris
Keyword(s):  
Aboveground Biomass ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Allometric Equation ◽  
Allometric Equations ◽  
Accurate Estimation ◽  
Eucalyptus Urophylla ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Eucalyptus Plantation ◽  
Diameter At Breast Height ◽  
Breast Height

Understanding the essential contribution of eucalyptus plantation for industry development and climate change mitigation requires the accurate quantification of aboveground biomass at the individual tree species level. However, the direct measurement of aboveground biomass by destructive method is high cost and time consuming. Therefore, developing allometric equations is necessary to facilitate this effort. This study was designed to construct the specific allometric models for estimating aboveground biomass of Eucalyptus urophylla in East Nusa Tenggara. Forty two sample trees were utilized to develop allometric equations using regression analysis. Several parameters were selected as predictor variables, i.e. diameter at breast height (D), quadrat diameter at breast height combined with tree height (D2H), as well as D and H separately. Results showed that the mean aboveground biomass of E. urophylla was 143.9 ± 19.44 kg tree-1. The highest biomass were noted in stem (80.06%), followed by bark (11.89%), branch (4.69%), and foliage (3.36%). The relative contribution of stem to total aboveground biomass improved with the increasing of diameter class while the opposite trend was recorded in bark, branch, and foliage. The equation lnŶ = lna + b lnD was best and reliable for estimating the aboveground biomass of E. urophylla since it provided the highest accurate estimation (91.3%) and more practical than other models. Referring to these findings, this study concluded the use of allometric equation was reliable to support more efficient forest mensuration in E. urophylla plantation.

scholarly journals An individual-tree linear mixed-effects model for predicting the basal area increment of major forest species in Southern Europe

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. e019
Author(s):  
Lucio Di Cosmo ◽  
Diego Giuliani ◽  
Maria Michela Dickson ◽  
Patrizia Gasparini
Keyword(s):  
Forest Inventory ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Mixed Effects ◽  
Forest Growth ◽  
Mixed Effects Model ◽  
Basal Area Increment ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Diameter At Breast Height ◽  
Breast Height

Aims of the study. Assessment of growth is essential to support sustainability of forest management and forest policies. The objective of the study was to develop a species-specific model to predict the annual increment of tree basal area through variables recorded by forest surveys, to assess forest growth directly or in the context of more complex forest growth and yield simulation models.Area of the study. Italy.Material and methods. Data on 34638 trees of 31 different forest species collected in 5162 plots of the Italian National Forest Inventory were used; the data were recorded between 2004 and 2006. To account for the hierarchical structure of the data due to trees nested within plots, a two-level mixed-effects modelling approach was used.Main results. The final result is an individual-tree linear mixed-effects model with species as dummy variables. Tree size is the main predictor, but the model also integrates geographical and topographic predictors and includes competition. The model fitting is good (McFadden’s Pseudo-R2 0.536), and the variance of the random effect at the plot level is significant (intra-class correlation coefficient 0.512). Compared to the ordinary least squares regression, the mixed-effects model allowed reducing the mean absolute error of estimates in the plots by 64.5% in average.Research highlights. A single tree-level model for predicting the basal area increment of different species was developed using forest inventory data. The data used for the modelling cover 31 species and a great variety of growing conditions, and the model seems suitable to be applied in the wider context of Southern Europe.   Keywords: Tree growth; forest growth modelling; forest inventory; hierarchical data structure; Italy.Abbreviations used: BA - basal area; BAI – five-year periodic basal area increment; BALT - basal area of trees larger than the subject tree; BASPratio - ratio of subject tree species basal area to stand basal area; BASTratio - ratio of subject tree basal area to stand basal area; CRATIO - crown ratio; DBH – diameter at breast height ; DBH0– diameter at breast height corresponding to five years before the survey year; DBHt– diameter at breast height measured in the survey year; DI5 - five-year, inside bark, DBH increment; HDOM - dominant height; LULUCF - Land Use, Land Use Changes and Forestry; ME - mean error; MAE - mean absolute error; MPD - mean percent deviation; MPSE - mean percent standard error; NFI(s) - National Forest Inventory/ies; OLS - ordinary least squares regression; RMSE - root mean squared error; UNFCCC - United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document