Optimization of dissolved proteins in extracts of earthworm (Lumbricus rubellus) with factor adding concentration of papain enzyme and earthworms

Earthworms (Lumbricus rubellus) can be used as an alternative to meet protein needs. This study aimed to obtain optimal N-Amino and Total Soluble Solid (TSS) results in earthworm extract. Efforts to improve the results of N-Amino and TDS (Total Dissolved Solids) in earthworm extract can be done by hydrolyzing the juice of earthworms with the help of enzyme protease papain under certain conditions, so it will facilitate the process of solving protein content. The experimental design in this study was Surface Methodology Response (RSM) model using thirteen models and two factors, namely the addition of papain enzyme concentration (6%, 8% and 10% (b/v)) and the percentage of earthworm base material (10%, 20% and 30% (b/v)). The results of this study showed the highest total protein value of 47.93% (g/L) obtained at the concentration of earthworms by 30% and 10% of papain enzyme. Then the validation results showed the optimum solution at 30% concentration of earthworms and 10% of papain enzyme that produced an N-Amino response of 7.2% and a TDS of 74% (g/L) with a Desirability of 0.906. N-Amino has a quadratic model with the actual variable equation Y 1 = 10 , 66 − 0 , 025 X 1 − 2 , 38 X 2 + 0 , 007 X 1 X 2 + 0 , 004 X 1 2 + 0 , 15 X 2 2 , and TDS has a quadratic model with the actual variable equation Y 2 = 33 , 33 + 1 , 323 X 1 + 2 , 66 X 2 − 0 , 012 X 1 X 2 − 0 , 024 X 1 2 − 0 , 043 X 2 2 .

Stability of a charged rotating BTZ thin shell with a different variable equation of state

Dynamics of charged rotating BTZ black holes in 2 + 1 dimensions by using the cut and paste approach is discussed. Due to the mechanical stability of rotating charged BTZ thin shell, the radial perturbation about the equilibrium throat radius and three variable equation of state (EoS) is analyzed. Several examples are displayed satisfying it, such as variable Phantom-like, variable Chaplygin gas and variable modified generalized Chaplygin gas.

EVALUATION OF INFLAMMATION AND ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION BIOMARKERS IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD) PATIENTS IN SOKOTO, NIGERIA

Inflammation and endothelial dysfunction have been known to be involved in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. As such, examining the levels of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction is very critical to the prevention of cardiovascular diseases among chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. This study aimed to investigate the progression of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction among CKD patients in Sokoto. A total of 67 CKD patients were divided into 5 groups based on the stages of their kidney disease calculated using the MDRD 4-variable equation for estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). The presence of inflammation was determined by C-Reactive Protein (CRP) and Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha, while endothelial dysfunction was determined by the levels of Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) using ELISA kits. The mean eGFR of the patients was 49.97 ± 4.69 ml/min/1.73m2. There was significant increase (p<0.05) in CRP, TNF-α and ADMA of the CKD patients across the stages as compared to the non-CKD subjects. It was observed that as the CRP, TNF-α and ADMA increase, the eGFR significantly (p<0.05) decreases. Both CRP and TNF-α indicated a significantly positive correlation (p<0.05) with ADMA. The results indicated progressive increase in inflammation and endothelial dysfunction as CKD deteriorates. In addition, increased levels of inflammation could directly affect endothelial dysfunction, thereby aggravating cardiovascular morbidity and mortality among CKD patients in Sokoto. Otitolaiye, C. A. | Department of Biochemistry, Sokoto State University, Sokoto, Nigeria

Pre-seismic geomagnetic anomalous signature related to the Mw7.0 earthquake generated in the northern coastal zone of Samos island – Greece, on October 30, 2020

&lt;p&gt;A strong earthquake of magnitude Mw7.0 struck the northern coastal zone of Samos Island, Aegean See, Greece, on October 30, 2020, at 11:51 UTC. This earthquake was felt at a wide area including Athens (at 270km) and city of Heraklion, Crete (at 320km), causing over 120 deaths and a lot of damages on houses, buildings and infrastructures mainly in Samos Island and Izmir (Turkey). With the aim to identify an anomalous geomagnetic signature before the onset of this earthquake, we have retrospectively analyzed the data collected, on the interval September 16 - October 31, 2020, at the two geomagnetic observatories, Pedeli (PEG)-Greece and Panagjurishte (PAG)-Bulgaria, by using the polarization parameter (BPOL) and the strain effect&amp;#8211;related to geomagnetic signal identification. Thus, for the both observation sites (PEG and PAG), the daily mean distribution of the BPOL and its standard deviation (SD) are carried out using a FFT band-pass filtering in the ULF range (0.001-0.0083Hz). Further on, a statistical analysis based on a standardized random variable equation was applied for the following two particular cases: a) to assess on the both time series BPOL*(PEG) and BPOL*(PAG) the anomalous signature related to Mw7.0 earthquake; b) to differentiate transient local anomalies associated with Mw7.0 earthquake from the internal and external parts of the geomagnetic field, taking the PAG Observatory as reference. Finally, on the BPOL*(PEG-PAG) time series, carried out on the interval 1-31 October, 2020, a very clear anomaly of maximum, greater than 1.2SD, was detected on October 27, with 3days before the onset of Mw7.0 earthquake.&lt;/p&gt;

Possible Correlations between the ULF Geomagnetic Signature and Mw6.4 Coastal Earthquake, Albania, on 26 November 2019

An earthquake of Mw6.4 hit the coastal zone of Albania on 26 November 2019, at 02:54:11 UTC. It was intensively felt at about 34 km away, in Tirana City, where damages and lives lost occurred. To emphasize a pre-seismic geomagnetic signature before the onset of this earthquake, the data collected on the interval 15 October–30 November 2019, at the Panagjurishte (PAG)-Bulgaria and Surlari (SUA)-Romania observatories were analyzed. Further on, for geomagnetic signal identification we used the polarization parameter (BPOL) which is time invariant in non-seismic conditions and it becomes unstable due to the strain effect related to the Mw6.4earthquake. Consequently, BPOL time series and its standard deviations are performed for the both sites using ultra low frequency (ULF)-fast Fourier transform (FFT) band-pass filtering. A statistical analysis, based on a standardized random variable equation, was applied to emphasize on the BPOL* (PAG) and ABS BPOL* (PAG) time series the anomalous signal’s singularity and, to differentiate the transient local anomalies due to the Mw6.4 earthquake, from the internal and external parts of the geomagnetic field, taken PAG observatory as reference. Finally, the ABS BPOL* (PAG-SUA) time series were obtained on the interval 1–30 November 2019, where a geomagnetic signature greater than 2.0, was detected on 23 November and the lead time was 3 days before the onset of the Mw6.4earthquake.

Stability of charged thin-shell gravastars with quintessence

This paper develops a new solution of gravitational vacuum star in the background of charged Kiselev black holes as an exterior manifold. We explore physical features and stability of thin-shell gravastars with radial perturbation. The matter thin layer located at thin-shell greatly affects stable configuration of the developed structure. We assume three different choices of matter distribution such as barotropic, generalized Chaplygin gas and generalized phantomlike equation of state. The last two models depend on the shell radius, also known as variable equation of state. For barotropic model, the structure of thin-shell gravastar is mostly unstable while it shows stable configuration for such type of matter distribution with extraordinary quintessence parameter. The resulting gravastar structure indicates stable behavior for generalized Chaplygin gas but unstable for generalized phantomlike model. It is also found that proper length, entropy and energy within the shell show linear relation with thickness of the shell.