A Structured Framework for Adaptive Management: Bridging Theory and Practice in the Olympic Experimental State Forest

2019 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 478-489
Author(s):  
Teodora V Minkova ◽  
Jennifer S Arnold
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Adaptive Management ◽  
Stakeholder Involvement ◽  
Implementation Process ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Multiple Use ◽  
Management Planning ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
High Level

Abstract Adaptive management is a systematic approach to learning from outcomes to improve management. Although its virtues are commonly praised, it has been implemented infrequently in natural resource management because of the challenges of developing a feasible process that can be sustained over time. Our analysis of regional experiences from private, state, and federal lands in the Pacific Northwest (United States and Canada) finds that the questions addressed by private organizations tend to be more specific, associated with a narrower scope of uncertainties, and addressed in a shorter time frame with limited stakeholder involvement. On publicly managed lands, questions tend to be more complex and open-ended, usually driven by their mandate for multiple use and high level of stakeholder engagement. We present a structured adaptive management framework that translates theory into action by describing an implementation process and organizational structure, explicitly linking learning to management planning and implementation, and integrating the technical and social aspects of adaptive management. Forest managers and policymakers can customize our example according to their mandate and management objectives. The framework is particularly relevant to land management for multiple uses, where the uncertainties are abundant and complex, and the decisionmakers increasingly use mathematical modeling to inform their decisions.

scholarly journals Regulation EU 2017/745 on medical devices – implementation analysis in Portugal by the distributors

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
H Vilaça
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Medical Devices ◽  
Stakeholder Involvement ◽  
Implementation Process ◽  
Regulatory Framework ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Public Health Action ◽  
Study Implementation ◽  
Implementation Analysis

Abstract The Regulation responds to legislation failures in the European regulatory framework on medical devices (MD), which in turn led to public health issues. Two media scandals triggered the final actions on the elaboration of this EU Regulation, which was already being thought off in a context of fast MD development, and on the commitment of member-states to harmonize legislation in order to better manage resources. This Regulation is expected to address detected gaps, and contribute to the protection of European citizens' health by ensuring high quality and safety of MD, through advocating for more transparency, vigilance, and traceability. A technique to evaluate policies is the implementation analysis, as it links theory and practice. By understanding it, it is possible to ascertain if, in fact, the Regulation will contribute, as proposed, to improve public health. The implementation analysis framework I developed can be used in other countries affected by this Regulation, and may even be extrapolated to other scenarios. Entry into force 25/05/17.Full application 05/20. This qualitative study uses document analysis and semi-structured interviews to collect data, and literature review to frame the situation and to study implementation analysis. The questions are: identify the facilitators and resistance points of the implementation; explore perceptions of the Portuguese MD distributors; understand the policy implementation pathway; and have a picture of the implementation status in Portugal. The results can be summarized as: implementers are interested in complying with the Regulation; there is stakeholder involvement in policy making and throughout the implementation process; the main points of resistance, difficulties and the facilitators are identified; and the Regulation is being implemented according to the timelines. The public health action brought by the policy is that each economic operator is an active actor on vigilance and patient safety across MD lifecycle. Key messages If we are interested in the extent to which a particular polity is able to solve the problems with which it is confronted, we need to study the way in which the law is executed in practice. Focus on the effective implementation of the new regulatory framework on medical devices to protect patients and ensure it addresses new and emerging challenges.

scholarly journals Optimum Timing of Preplant Applications of Glyphosate to Manage Rhizoctonia Root Rot in Barley

Plant Disease ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 95 (3) ◽  
pp. 304-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. M. Babiker ◽  
S. H. Hulbert ◽  
K. L. Schroeder ◽  
T. C. Paulitz
Keyword(s):  
Disease Severity ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Rhizoctonia Root Rot ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Seminal Roots ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
High Level

Rhizoctonia root rot, caused by Rhizoctonia solani AG-8 and R. oryzae, is considered one of the main deterrents for farmers to adopt reduced-tillage systems in the Pacific Northwest. Because of the wide host range of Rhizoctonia spp., herbicide application before planting to control weeds and volunteer plants is the main management strategy for this disease. To determine the effect of timing of glyphosate applications on the severity of Rhizoctonia root rot of barley, field experiments were conducted in 2007, 2008, and 2009 in a field naturally infested with a high level of both R. solani and R. oryzae. Crop volunteer plants and weeds were allowed to grow over the winter and plots were sprayed with glyphosate at 42, 28, 14, 7, and 2 days prior to planting. As the herbicide application interval increased, there were significant increases in shoot length, length of the first true leaf, and number of healthy seminal roots and a decrease in disease severity. Yield and the number of seminal roots did not show a response to herbicide application interval in most years. The activity of R. solani, as measured by toothpick bioassay and real-time polymerase chain reaction, declined over time in all treatments after planting barley. The herbicide application interval required to meet 80 and 90% of the maximum response (asymptote) for all plant and disease measurements ranged from 11 to 27 days and 13 to 37 days, respectively. These times are the minimum herbicide application intervals required to reduce disease severity in the following crop.

PROFILE: Sailing the Shoals of Adaptive Management: The Case of Salmon in the Pacific Northwest

1998 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 671-681 ◽  
Author(s):  
Courtland L. Smith ◽  
Jennifer Gilden ◽  
Brent S. Steel ◽  
Karina Mrakovcich
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Adaptive Management ◽  
The Pacific

Stakeholder Involvement in Long-term Biosolids Programs in the Pacific Northwest

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 (3) ◽  
pp. 26-36
Author(s):  
Denise Vieira ◽  
Lisa Vogel ◽  
Johanna Moretto ◽  
Tania Gheseger
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Stakeholder Involvement ◽  
The Pacific

The value of roaded, multiple-use areas as recreation sites in three national forests of the Pacific Northwest.

1984 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger N. Clark ◽  
Russell W. Koch ◽  
Mack L. Hogans ◽  
Harriet H. Christensen ◽  
John C. Hendee
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
National Forests ◽  
Multiple Use ◽  
The Pacific

Expert Opinions on the Future Production of Five Manufactured Wood Products in the Pacific Northwest

1989 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 92-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lita C. Rule ◽  
Jay O'Laughlin
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Wood Products ◽  
Product Group ◽  
Softwood Lumber ◽  
Expert Opinions ◽  
Future Production ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Relative Product ◽  
The Future ◽  
High Level

Abstract A panel of 21 experts provided their opinions on future production levels of manufactured wood products in the Pacific Northwest. Their projections covered a 50-year span for five groups of products: softwood lumber, plywood and panels, woodpulp, export chips, and log exports. Explanations for three projection levels—low, median, and high—are described for each product group and then converted into an aggregated estimate of total roundwood timber consumption forecasts. Aggregate totals reveal that over the next 50 years, only the high-level scenario indicates a return to the historic peak production levels of the 1970s. No significant change in the relative product group proportions of aggregate roundwood consumption is expected under any of the three projection levels. This means that lumber and woodpulp, presently constituting two-thirds of total roundwood consumption, are expected to remain as the leading manufactured wood products during the next 50 years. West. J. Appl. For. 4(3):92-98, July 1989

scholarly journals Sensitivity of Populations of Botrytis cinerea from Pear-Related Sources to Benzimidazole and Dicarboximide Fungicides

Plant Disease ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 87 (6) ◽  
pp. 645-649 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheryl L. Lennox ◽  
Robert A. Spotts
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Baseline Sensitivity ◽  
Benzimidazole Fungicides ◽  
Postharvest Application ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Type Population ◽  
High Level

Botrytis cinerea is responsible for a major portion of postharvest decay in winter pears in the Pacific Northwest. The baseline sensitivity levels (mean EC50 values) of a wild-type B. cinerea population to thiabendazole and iprodione were 6.66 and 0.56 mg/liter, respectively. B. cinerea from commercial orchards not treated with a benzimidazole had significantly lower incidence of resistance (0.59%) to a discriminatory concentration of thiabendazole at 10 mg/liter than did isolates from orchards in which benomyl had been applied for experimental purposes (16.0%), unsprayed control trees in benomyl-sprayed orchards (5.34%), and isolates from packinghouses where thiabendazole was applied as a prestorage drench or packingline spray (3.23%). The mean EC50 value of isolates in the wild-type population was lower than those of resistant isolates from all other sources. High-level thiabendazole resistance (EC50 > 100 mg/liter) was found in 0.20% of isolates from unsprayed commercial orchards, 9.33% of isolates from benomyl-sprayed orchards, and 2.67% of isolates from unsprayed control trees in these benomyl-sprayed orchards. In isolates from packinghouses where a thiabendazole line spray was applied, 1.52% had high-level thiabendazole resistance. All isolates from all pear-related sources tested were sensitive to iprodione at 10 mg/liter. This study provides evidence supporting current recommendations of a single postharvest application of a benzimidazole to control decay caused by B. cinerea, and no application of benzimidazole fungicides in the orchard.

Adaptive Management in a High Reliability Context: Hard Problems, Partial Responses

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel J. G. van Eeten ◽  
Emery Roe
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Adaptive Management ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
High Reliability ◽  
Ecosystem Functions ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Provision Of Services ◽  
Hard Problems ◽  
Reliable Power Supply ◽  
Insight Into

The examples found at the beginning of this book are, to our minds, neither instances of a lack of societal commitment to saving the environment nor evidence of unreasonable demands for highly reliable services. If they were that, the obvious answer would then be to bite the bullet and take either the environment or the services more seriously. In our view, the examples really express the hard paradox of having to improve the environment while ensuring reliable services at the same time. Beyond specific examples, the strongest expressions of the paradox being taken seriously in terms of the budgets and stakes involved are those large-scale adaptive management initiatives proposed and undertaken in regions where they seem most difficult to implement; that is, where the reliable provision of services is a priority. Just what “reliability” is for the kinds of organizations we study is detailed in chapter 4. Here, we take a closer look at our case studies to see how the issues are articulated empirically. The paradox is even enshrined in law. The mandate of the Pacific Northwest Electric Power Planning and Conservation Act of 1980, for example, is to “protect, mitigate and enhance fish and wildlife affected by the development, operation, and management of [power generation] facilities while assuring the Pacific Northwest an adequate, efficient, economical, and reliable water supply.” But how to do this? Or, as one ecologist, Lance Gunderson (1999b, p. 27), phrased the paradox, “So how does one assess the unpredictable in order to manage the unmanageable?” The answer usually given by ecologists and others is to “undertake adaptive management” (chapter 2). The decision maker learns by experimenting with the system or its elements, systematically and step-by-step, in order to develop greater insight into what is known and not known for managing ecosystem functions and services. Learning more on the ground about the system to be managed is imperative, especially given imprecisely defined terms such as “restore,” “enhance,” and “reliable.” As the senior biologist planner at the Northwest Power Planning Council told us, the last clause of the Power Act “AERPS” (adequate, efficient, economical, and reliable power supply) “never has been quantified, so it is not very clear what it actually means.” He is not alone.

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